Spartacus References

 Deaths and Side Effects - HOME 


To search for a reference: on keyboard of laptop click CTRL and F at same time and just type in the number.  


References: 

1. Libby P, Lüscher T. COVID-19 is, in the end, an endothelial disease. Eur Heart J. 2020;41(32):3038-3044. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehaa623 

2. Varga Z, Flammer AJ, Steiger P, et al. Endothelial cell infection and endotheliitis in COVID-19. The Lancet. 2020;395(10234):1417-1418. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30937-5 

3. Rapid endotheliitis and vascular damage characterize SARS-CoV-2 infection in a human lung-onchip model. EMBO Rep. 2021;22(6):e52744. doi:10.15252/embr.202152744 

4. Cui X, Chen W, Zhou H, et al. Pulmonary Edema in COVID-19 Patients: Mechanisms and Treatment Potential. Front Pharmacol. 2021;12:1444. doi:10.3389/fphar.2021.664349 

5. Zwaveling S, Wijk RG van, Karim F. Pulmonary edema in COVID-19: Explained by bradykinin? J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2020;146(6):1454-1455. doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2020.08.038 

6. Frontiers | Parallels in Sepsis and COVID-19 Conditions: Implications for Managing Severe COVID-19 | Immunology. Accessed September 27, 2021. https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2021.602848/full 

7. Vincent J-L. COVID-19: it’s all about sepsis. Future Microbiol. 2021;16(3):131-133. doi:10.2217/fmb-2020-0312 

8. Gómez-Mesa JE, Galindo-Coral S, Montes MC, Muñoz Martin AJ. Thrombosis and Coagulopathy in COVID-19. Curr Probl Cardiol. 2021;46(3):100742. doi:10.1016/j.cpcardiol.2020.100742 

9. Chan NC, Weitz JI. COVID-19 coagulopathy, thrombosis, and bleeding. Blood. 2020;136(4):381- 383. doi:10.1182/blood.2020007335 

10. Ortega-Paz L, Capodanno D, Montalescot G, Angiolillo DJ. Coronavirus Disease 2019–Associated Thrombosis and Coagulopathy: Review of the Pathophysiological Characteristics and Implications for Antithrombotic Management. J Am Heart Assoc. 2021;10(3):e019650. doi:10.1161/JAHA.120.019650 11. Mokhtari T, Hassani F, Ghaffari N, Ebrahimi B, Yarahmadi A, Hassanzadeh G. COVID-19 and multiorgan failure: A narrative review on potential mechanisms. J Mol Histol. Published online October 4, 2020:1-16. doi:10.1007/s10735-020-09915-3 12. Zaim S, Chong JH, Sankaranarayanan V, Harky A. COVID-19 and Multiorgan Response. Curr Probl Cardiol. 2020;45(8):100618. doi:10.1016/j.cpcardiol.2020.100618 13. Frontiers | Pathogenesis of Multiple Organ Injury in COVID-19 and Potential Therapeutic Strategies | Physiology. Accessed September 27, 2021. https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphys.2021.593223/full 14. Boldrini M, Canoll PD, Klein RS. How COVID-19 Affects the Brain. JAMA Psychiatry. 2021;78(6):682-683. doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2021.0500 15. Parry AH, Wani AH, Yaseen M. Neurological Dysfunction in Coronavirus Disease-19 (COVID-19). Acad Radiol. 2020;27(9):1329-1330. doi:10.1016/j.acra.2020.05.024 16. Schwabenland M, Salié H, Tanevski J, et al. Deep spatial profiling of human COVID-19 brains reveals neuroinflammation with distinct microanatomical microglia-T-cell interactions. Immunity. 2021;54(7):1594-1610.e11. doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2021.06.002 17. Rogers JP, Watson CJ, Badenoch J, et al. Neurology and neuropsychiatry of COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis of the early literature reveals frequent CNS manifestations and key emerging narratives. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2021;92(9):932-941. doi:10.1136/jnnp-2021-326405 18. Abbasi J. Researchers Investigate What COVID-19 Does to the Heart. JAMA. 2021;325(9):808- 811. doi:10.1001/jama.2021.0107 19. COVID-19 as a Possible Cause of Myocarditis and Pericarditis. American College of Cardiology. Accessed September 27, 2021. https://www.acc.org/latest-incardiology/articles/2021/02/05/19/37/http%3a%2f%2fwww.acc.org%2flatest-incardiology%2farticles%2f2021%2f02%2f05%2f19%2f37%2fcovid-19-as-a-possible-cause-of-myocarditisand-pericarditis 20. Bzeizi K, Abdulla M, Mohammed N, Alqamish J, Jamshidi N, Broering D. Effect of COVID-19 on liver abnormalities: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sci Rep. 2021;11(1):10599. doi:10.1038/s41598-021-89513-9 21. Moon AM, Barritt AS. Elevated Liver Enzymes in Patients with COVID-19: Look, but Not Too Hard. Dig Dis Sci. Published online September 2, 2020:1-3. doi:10.1007/s10620-020-06585-9 22. Iqbal Z, Ho JH, Adam S, et al. Managing hyperlipidaemia in patients with COVID-19 and during its pandemic: An expert panel position statement from HEART UK. Atherosclerosis. 2020;313:126-136. doi:10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2020.09.008 23. Steenblock C, Richter S, Berger I, et al. Viral infiltration of pancreatic islets in patients with COVID-19. Nat Commun. 2021;12(1):3534. doi:10.1038/s41467-021-23886-3 24. Hayden MR. An Immediate and Long-Term Complication of COVID-19 May Be Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: The Central Role of β-Cell Dysfunction, Apoptosis and Exploration of Possible Mechanisms. Cells. 2020;9(11):2475. doi:10.3390/cells9112475 25. Mukherjee S, Banerjee O, Singh S, Maji BK. COVID 19 could trigger global diabetes burden – A hypothesis. Diabetes Metab Syndr. 2020;14(5):963-964. doi:10.1016/j.dsx.2020.06.049 26. Wu C-T, Lidsky PV, Xiao Y, et al. SARS-CoV-2 infects human pancreatic β cells and elicits β cell impairment. Cell Metab. 2021;33(8):1565-1576.e5. doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2021.05.013 27. Legrand M, Bell S, Forni L, et al. Pathophysiology of COVID-19-associated acute kidney injury. Nat Rev Nephrol. Published online July 5, 2021:1-14. doi:10.1038/s41581-021-00452-0 28. Nugent J, Aklilu A, Yamamoto Y, et al. Assessment of Acute Kidney Injury and Longitudinal Kidney Function After Hospital Discharge Among Patients With and Without COVID-19. JAMA Netw Open. 2021;4(3):e211095. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.1095 29. Chen Z, Hu J, Liu L, et al. SARS-CoV-2 Causes Acute Kidney Injury by Directly Infecting Renal Tubules. Front Cell Dev Biol. 2021;9:1245. doi:10.3389/fcell.2021.664868 30. Gu J, Han B, Wang J. COVID-19: Gastrointestinal Manifestations and Potential Fecal–Oral Transmission. Gastroenterology. 2020;158(6):1518-1519. doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2020.02.054 31. Lehmann M, Allers K, Heldt C, et al. Human small intestinal infection by SARS-CoV-2 is characterized by a mucosal infiltration with activated CD8+ T cells. Mucosal Immunol. Published online August 21, 2021:1-12. doi:10.1038/s41385-021-00437-z 32. Zhang H, Kang Z, Gong H, et al. Digestive system is a potential route of COVID-19: an analysis of single-cell coexpression pattern of key proteins in viral entry process. Gut. 2020;69(6):1010-1018. doi:10.1136/gutjnl-2020-320953 33. Pourbagheri-Sigaroodi A, Bashash D, Fateh F, Abolghasemi H. Laboratory findings in COVID-19 diagnosis and prognosis. Clin Chim Acta Int J Clin Chem. 2020;510:475-482. doi:10.1016/j.cca.2020.08.019 34. Zhang Z-L, Hou Y-L, Li D-T, Li F-Z. Laboratory findings of COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Scand J Clin Lab Invest. 2020;80(6):441-447. doi:10.1080/00365513.2020.1768587 35. Xie Y, Wang Z, Liao H, Marley G, Wu D, Tang W. Epidemiologic, clinical, and laboratory findings of the COVID-19 in the current pandemic: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Infect Dis. 2020;20(1):640. doi:10.1186/s12879-020-05371-2 36. Xiang Q, Feng Z, Diao B, et al. SARS-CoV-2 Induces Lymphocytopenia by Promoting Inflammation and Decimates Secondary Lymphoid Organs. Front Immunol. 2021;12:1292. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2021.661052 37. Rha M-S, Shin E-C. Activation or exhaustion of CD8+ T cells in patients with COVID-19. Cell Mol Immunol. Published online August 19, 2021:1-9. doi:10.1038/s41423-021-00750-4 38. Kusnadi A, Ramírez-Suástegui C, Fajardo V, et al. Severely ill patients with COVID-19 display impaired exhaustion features in SARS-CoV-2–reactive CD8+ T cells. Sci Immunol. 2021;6(55):eabe4782. doi:10.1126/sciimmunol.abe4782 39. Del Valle DM, Kim-Schulze S, Huang H-H, et al. An inflammatory cytokine signature predicts COVID-19 severity and survival. Nat Med. 2020;26(10):1636-1643. doi:10.1038/s41591-020-1051-9 40. What explains the non-respiratory symptoms seen in some COVID-19 patients? Chemical & Engineering News. Accessed September 28, 2021. https://cen.acs.org/biological-chemistry/infectiousdisease/What-explains-non-respiratory-symptoms-seen-in-some-COVID-19-patients/98/web/2020/04 41. Protean manifestations of COVID-19: “Our ignorance is profound.” Accessed September 28, 2021. https://www.mdedge.com/chestphysician/article/220899/coronavirus-updates/proteanmanifestations-covid-19-our-ignorance 42. Jarrahi A, Ahluwalia M, Khodadadi H, et al. Neurological consequences of COVID-19: what have we learned and where do we go from here? J Neuroinflammation. 2020;17(1):286. doi:10.1186/s12974- 020-01957-4 43. Zubair AS, McAlpine LS, Gardin T, Farhadian S, Kuruvilla DE, Spudich S. Neuropathogenesis and Neurologic Manifestations of the Coronaviruses in the Age of Coronavirus Disease 2019: A Review. JAMA Neurol. 2020;77(8):1018-1027. doi:10.1001/jamaneurol.2020.2065 44. Qureshi AI, Baskett WI, Huang W, et al. Acute Ischemic Stroke and COVID-19. Stroke. 2021;52(3):905-912. doi:10.1161/STROKEAHA.120.031786 45. Riyahi S, Dev H, Behzadi A, et al. Pulmonary Embolism in Hospitalized Patients with COVID-19: A Multicenter Study. Radiology. Published online July 13, 2021:210777. doi:10.1148/radiol.2021210777 46. Zhong P, Xu J, Yang D, et al. COVID-19-associated gastrointestinal and liver injury: clinical features and potential mechanisms. Signal Transduct Target Ther. 2020;5(1):1-8. doi:10.1038/s41392- 020-00373-7 47. Nishiga M, Wang DW, Han Y, Lewis DB, Wu JC. COVID-19 and cardiovascular disease: from basic mechanisms to clinical perspectives. Nat Rev Cardiol. 2020;17(9):543-558. doi:10.1038/s41569-020- 0413-9 48. Al-Sabah S, Al-Haddad M, Al-Youha S, Jamal M, Almazeedi S. COVID-19: Impact of obesity and diabetes on disease severity. Clin Obes. Published online October 20, 2020:e12414. doi:10.1111/cob.12414 49. Gao M, Piernas C, Astbury NM, et al. Associations between body-mass index and COVID-19 severity in 6·9 million people in England: a prospective, community-based, cohort study. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2021;9(6):350-359. doi:10.1016/S2213-8587(21)00089-9 50. Jin Y, Ji W, Yang H, Chen S, Zhang W, Duan G. Endothelial activation and dysfunction in COVID19: from basic mechanisms to potential therapeutic approaches. Signal Transduct Target Ther. 2020;5(1):1-13. doi:10.1038/s41392-020-00454-7 51. Green SJ. Covid-19 accelerates endothelial dysfunction and nitric oxide deficiency. Microbes Infect. 2020;22(4):149-150. doi:10.1016/j.micinf.2020.05.006 52. Levin AT, Hanage WP, Owusu-Boaitey N, Cochran KB, Walsh SP, Meyerowitz-Katz G. Assessing the age specificity of infection fatality rates for COVID-19: systematic review, meta-analysis, and public policy implications. Eur J Epidemiol. 2020;35(12):1123-1138. doi:10.1007/s10654-020-00698-1 53. CDC. Cases, Data, and Surveillance. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Published February 11, 2020. Accessed September 28, 2021. https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/coviddata/investigations-discovery/hospitalization-death-by-age.html 54. Covid IFR Analysis. Accessed September 28, 2021. http://epimonitor.net/Covid-IFR-Analysis.htm 55. Seoane B. A scaling approach to estimate the age-dependent COVID-19 infection fatality ratio from incomplete data. PLOS ONE. 2021;16(2):e0246831. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0246831 56. Hu B, Guo H, Zhou P, Shi Z-L. Characteristics of SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2021;19(3):141-154. doi:10.1038/s41579-020-00459-7 57. Xia L, Chen J, Friedemann T, et al. The Course of Mild and Moderate COVID-19 Infections—The Unexpected Long-Lasting Challenge. Open Forum Infect Dis. 2020;7(9). doi:10.1093/ofid/ofaa286 58. Han C, Duan C, Zhang S, et al. Digestive Symptoms in COVID-19 Patients With Mild Disease Severity: Clinical Presentation, Stool Viral RNA Testing, and Outcomes. Am J Gastroenterol. Published online April 15, 2020:10.14309/ajg.0000000000000664. doi:10.14309/ajg.0000000000000664 59. CDC. Cases, Data, and Surveillance. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Published February 11, 2020. Accessed September 28, 2021. https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/casesupdates/burden.html 60. Wu SL, Mertens AN, Crider YS, et al. Substantial underestimation of SARS-CoV-2 infection in the United States. Nat Commun. 2020;11(1):4507. doi:10.1038/s41467-020-18272-4 61. Irons NJ, Raftery AE. Estimating SARS-CoV-2 infections from deaths, confirmed cases, tests, and random surveys. Proc Natl Acad Sci. 2021;118(31). doi:10.1073/pnas.2103272118 62. Achaiah NC, Subbarajasetty SB, Shetty RM. R0 and Re of COVID-19: Can We Predict When the Pandemic Outbreak will be Contained? Indian J Crit Care Med Peer-Rev Off Publ Indian Soc Crit Care Med. 2020;24(11):1125-1127. doi:10.5005/jp-journals-10071-23649 63. Ives AR, Bozzuto C. Estimating and explaining the spread of COVID-19 at the county level in the USA. Commun Biol. 2021;4(1):1-9. doi:10.1038/s42003-020-01609-6 64. Lan J, Ge J, Yu J, et al. Structure of the SARS-CoV-2 spike receptor-binding domain bound to the ACE2 receptor. Nature. 2020;581(7807):215-220. doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2180-5 65. Yang J, Petitjean SJL, Koehler M, et al. Molecular interaction and inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 binding to the ACE2 receptor. Nat Commun. 2020;11(1):4541. doi:10.1038/s41467-020-18319-6 66. ACE2 angiotensin converting enzyme 2 [Homo sapiens (human)] - Gene - NCBI. Accessed September 28, 2021. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/59272 67. Samavati L, Uhal BD. ACE2, Much More Than Just a Receptor for SARS-COV-2. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2020;10:317. doi:10.3389/fcimb.2020.00317 68. Patel S, Rauf A, Khan H, Abu-Izneid T. Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone (RAAS): The ubiquitous system for homeostasis and pathologies. Biomed Pharmacother. 2017;94:317-325. doi:10.1016/j.biopha.2017.07.091 69. Romero CA, Orias M, Weir MR. Novel RAAS agonists and antagonists: clinical applications and controversies. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2015;11(4):242-252. doi:10.1038/nrendo.2015.6 70. The Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone-System. TeachMePhysiology. Accessed September 28, 2021. https://teachmephysiology.com/urinary-system/regulation/the-renin-angiotensin-aldosterone-system/ 71. Fountain JH, Lappin SL. Physiology, Renin Angiotensin System. In: StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing; 2021. Accessed September 28, 2021. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470410/ 72. Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone System - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics. Accessed September 28, 2021. https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/biochemistry-genetics-and-molecularbiology/renin-angiotensin-aldosterone-system 73. Hamming I, Timens W, Bulthuis M, Lely A, Navis G, van Goor H. Tissue distribution of ACE2 protein, the functional receptor for SARS coronavirus. A first step in understanding SARS pathogenesis. J Pathol. 2004;203(2):631-637. doi:10.1002/path.1570 74. Tissue expression of ACE2 - Summary - The Human Protein Atlas. Accessed September 28, 2021. https://www.proteinatlas.org/ENSG00000130234-ACE2/tissue 75. The protein expression profile of ACE2 in human tissues. Mol Syst Biol. 2020;16(7):e9610. doi:10.15252/msb.20209610 76. Huang Y, Yang C, Xu X, Xu W, Liu S. Structural and functional properties of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein: potential antivirus drug development for COVID-19. Acta Pharmacol Sin. 2020;41(9):1141-1149. doi:10.1038/s41401-020-0485-4 77. Shang J, Wan Y, Luo C, et al. Cell entry mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2. Proc Natl Acad Sci. 2020;117(21):11727-11734. doi:10.1073/pnas.2003138117 78. Xie Y, Karki CB, Du D, et al. Spike Proteins of SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 Utilize Different Mechanisms to Bind With Human ACE2. Front Mol Biosci. 2020;7:392. doi:10.3389/fmolb.2020.591873 79. Syncytia formation by SARS-CoV-2-infected cells. EMBO J. 2020;39(23):e106267. doi:10.15252/embj.2020106267 80. Ma H, Zhu Z, Lin H, et al. Pyroptosis of syncytia formed by fusion of SARS-CoV-2 spike and ACE2- expressing cells. Cell Discov. 2021;7(1):1-4. doi:10.1038/s41421-021-00310-0 81. Xia B, Shen X, He Y, et al. SARS-CoV-2 envelope protein causes acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)-like pathological damages and constitutes an antiviral target. Cell Res. 2021;31(8):847- 860. doi:10.1038/s41422-021-00519-4 82. Nieto-Torres JL, Verdiá-Báguena C, Jimenez-Guardeño JM, et al. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus E protein transports calcium ions and activates the NLRP3 inflammasome. Virology. 2015;485:330-339. doi:10.1016/j.virol.2015.08.010 83. Minakshi R, Padhan K, Rehman S, Hassan MdI, Ahmad F. The SARS Coronavirus 3a protein binds calcium in its cytoplasmic domain. Virus Res. 2014;191:180-183. doi:10.1016/j.virusres.2014.08.001 84. Pan P, Shen M, Yu Z, et al. SARS-CoV-2 N protein promotes NLRP3 inflammasome activation to induce hyperinflammation. Nat Commun. 2021;12(1):4664. doi:10.1038/s41467-021-25015-6 85. Shah A. Novel Coronavirus-Induced NLRP3 Inflammasome Activation: A Potential Drug Target in the Treatment of COVID-19. Front Immunol. 2020;11:1021. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2020.01021 86. Xu H, Chitre SA, Akinyemi IA, et al. SARS-CoV-2 Viroporin Triggers the NLRP3 Inflammatory Pathway.; 2020:2020.10.27.357731. doi:10.1101/2020.10.27.357731 87. Olagnier D, Farahani E, Thyrsted J, et al. SARS-CoV2-mediated suppression of NRF2-signaling reveals potent antiviral and anti-inflammatory activity of 4-octyl-itaconate and dimethyl fumarate. Nat Commun. 2020;11(1):4938. doi:10.1038/s41467-020-18764-3 88. Bousquet J, Cristol J-P, Czarlewski W, et al. Nrf2-interacting nutrients and COVID-19: time for research to develop adaptation strategies. Clin Transl Allergy. 2020;10(1):58. doi:10.1186/s13601-020- 00362-7 89. Cuadrado A, Pajares M, Benito C, et al. Can Activation of NRF2 Be a Strategy against COVID-19? Trends Pharmacol Sci. 2020;41(9):598-610. doi:10.1016/j.tips.2020.07.003 90. Bousquet J, Czarlewski W, Zuberbier T, et al. Potential Interplay between Nrf2, TRPA1, and TRPV1 in Nutrients for the Control of COVID-19. Int Arch Allergy Immunol. 2021;182(4):324-338. doi:10.1159/000514204 91. McCarthy CG, Wilczynski S, Wenceslau CF, Webb RC. A new storm on the horizon in COVID-19: Bradykinin-induced vascular complications. Vascul Pharmacol. 2021;137:106826. doi:10.1016/j.vph.2020.106826 92. Lei Y, Zhang J, Schiavon CR, et al. SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein Impairs Endothelial Function via Downregulation of ACE 2. Circ Res. 2021;128(9):1323-1326. doi:10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.121.318902 93. Silhol F, Sarlon G, Deharo J-C, Vaïsse B. Downregulation of ACE2 induces overstimulation of the renin–angiotensin system in COVID-19: should we block the renin–angiotensin system? Hypertens Res. 2020;43(8):854-856. doi:10.1038/s41440-020-0476-3 94. Ciulla MM. SARS-CoV-2 downregulation of ACE2 and pleiotropic effects of ACEIs/ARBs. Hypertens Res. 2020;43(9):985-986. doi:10.1038/s41440-020-0488-z 95. Lu J, Sun PD. High affinity binding of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein enhances ACE2 carboxypeptidase activity. J Biol Chem. 2020;295(52):18579-18588. doi:10.1074/jbc.RA120.015303 96. Osman W, Fahdi FA, Salmi IA, Khalili HA, Gokhale A, Khamis F. Serum Calcium and Vitamin D levels: Correlation with severity of COVID-19 in hospitalized patients in Royal Hospital, Oman. Int J Infect Dis. 2021;107:153-163. doi:10.1016/j.ijid.2021.04.050 97. Raesi A, Saedi Dezaki E, Moosapour H, et al. Hypocalcemia in Covid-19: A Prognostic Marker for Severe Disease. Iran J Pathol. 2021;16(2):144-153. doi:10.30699/IJP.2020.130491.2442 98. Bennouar S, Cherif AB, Kessira A, Bennouar D-E, Abdi S. Vitamin D Deficiency and Low Serum Calcium as Predictors of Poor Prognosis in Patients with Severe COVID-19. J Am Coll Nutr. 2021;40(2):104-110. doi:10.1080/07315724.2020.1856013 99. Blaes N, Girolami J-P. Targeting the “Janus face” of the B2-bradykinin receptor. Expert Opin Ther Targets. 2013;17. doi:10.1517/14728222.2013.827664 100. Siragy H, Jaffa A, Margolius H. Bradykinin B2 receptor modulates renal prostaglandin E2 and nitric oxide. Hypertension. Published online 1997. doi:10.1161/01.HYP.29.3.757 101. Pyne NJ, Tolan D, Pyne S. Bradykinin stimulates cAMP synthesis via mitogen-activated protein kinase-dependent regulation of cytosolic phospholipase A2 and prostaglandin E2 release in airway smooth muscle. Biochem J. 1997;328(Pt 2):689-694. Accessed September 28, 2021. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1218972/ 102. Dixon BS, Breckon R, Fortune J, Sutherland E, Simon FR, Anderson RJ. Bradykinin activates protein kinase C in cultured cortical collecting tubular cells. Am J Physiol-Ren Physiol. 1989;257(5):F808- F817. doi:10.1152/ajprenal.1989.257.5.F808 103. Schini VB, Boulanger C, Regoli D, Vanhoutte PM. Bradykinin stimulates the production of cyclic GMP via activation of B2 kinin receptors in cultured porcine aortic endothelial cells. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1990;252(2):581-585. 104. Gholamreza-Fahimi E, Bisha M, Hahn J, et al. Cyclooxygenase activity in bradykinin-induced dermal extravasation. A study in mice and humans. Biomed Pharmacother. 2020;123:109797. doi:10.1016/j.biopha.2019.109797 105. Fong P, Stafforini DM, Brown NJ, Pretorius M. Increased blood flow induces oxidative stress through an endothelium- and nitric oxide-independent mechanism. Free Radic Biol Med. 2010;49(2):301-305. doi:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2010.04.023 106. Portilla D, Morrissey J, Morrison AR. Bradykinin-activated membrane-associated phospholipase C in Madin-Darby canine kidney cells. J Clin Invest. 1988;81(6):1896-1902. doi:10.1172/JCI113536 107. Cruzblanca H, Koh D-S, Hille B. Bradykinin inhibits M current via phospholipase C and Ca2+ release from IP3-sensitive Ca2+ stores in rat sympathetic neurons. Proc Natl Acad Sci. 1998;95(12):7151- 7156. doi:10.1073/pnas.95.12.7151 108. Bradykinin - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics. Accessed September 28, 2021. https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/chemistry/bradykinin 109. Banerjee A, Czinn SJ, Reiter RJ, Blanchard TG. Crosstalk between endoplasmic reticulum stress and anti-viral activities: A novel therapeutic target for COVID-19. Life Sci. 2020;255:117842. doi:10.1016/j.lfs.2020.117842 110. Danta CC. SARS-CoV-2, Hypoxia, and Calcium Signaling: The Consequences and Therapeutic Options. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci. 2021;4(1):400-402. doi:10.1021/acsptsci.0c00219 111. Shaban MS, Müller C, Mayr-Buro C, et al. Multi-level inhibition of coronavirus replication by chemical ER stress. Nat Commun. 2021;12(1):5536. doi:10.1038/s41467-021-25551-1 112. Sabirli R, Koseler A, Goren T, Turkcuer I, Kurt O. High GRP78 levels in Covid-19 infection: A casecontrol study. Life Sci. 2021;265:118781. doi:10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118781 113. Dubiella U, Seybold H, Durian G, et al. Calcium-dependent protein kinase/NADPH oxidase activation circuit is required for rapid defense signal propagation. Proc Natl Acad Sci. 2013;110(21):8744-8749. doi:10.1073/pnas.1221294110 114. Görlach A, Bertram K, Hudecova S, Krizanova O. Calcium and ROS: A mutual interplay. Redox Biol. 2015;6:260-271. doi:10.1016/j.redox.2015.08.010 115. Feno S, Butera G, Vecellio Reane D, Rizzuto R, Raffaello A. Crosstalk between Calcium and ROS in Pathophysiological Conditions. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2019;2019:e9324018. doi:10.1155/2019/9324018 116. Beckman JS, Koppenol WH. Nitric oxide, superoxide, and peroxynitrite: the good, the bad, and ugly. Am J Physiol. 1996;271(5 Pt 1):C1424-1437. doi:10.1152/ajpcell.1996.271.5.C1424 117. PACHER P, BECKMAN JS, LIAUDET L. Nitric Oxide and Peroxynitrite in Health and Disease. Physiol Rev. 2007;87(1):315-424. doi:10.1152/physrev.00029.2006 118. Radi R. Oxygen radicals, nitric oxide, and peroxynitrite: Redox pathways in molecular medicine. Proc Natl Acad Sci. 2018;115(23):5839-5848. doi:10.1073/pnas.1804932115 119. Guzik TJ, West NEJ, Pillai R, Taggart DP, Channon KM. Nitric Oxide Modulates Superoxide Release and Peroxynitrite Formation in Human Blood Vessels. Hypertension. 2002;39(6):1088-1094. doi:10.1161/01.HYP.0000018041.48432.B5 120. Roe ND, Ren J. Nitric oxide synthase uncoupling: A therapeutic target in cardiovascular diseases. Vascul Pharmacol. 2012;57(5):168-172. doi:10.1016/j.vph.2012.02.004 121. Luo S, Lei H, Qin H, Xia Y. Molecular mechanisms of endothelial NO synthase uncoupling. Curr Pharm Des. 2014;20(22):3548-3553. doi:10.2174/13816128113196660746 122. Chen W, Druhan LJ, Chen C-A, et al. Peroxynitrite induces destruction of the tetrahydrobiopterin and heme in endothelial nitric oxide synthase: transition from reversible to irreversible enzyme inhibition. Biochemistry. 2010;49(14):3129-3137. doi:10.1021/bi9016632 123. Ozdemir B, Yazici A. Could the decrease in the endothelial nitric oxide (NO) production and NO bioavailability be the crucial cause of COVID-19 related deaths? Med Hypotheses. 2020;144:109970. doi:10.1016/j.mehy.2020.109970 124. Guan SP, Seet RCS, Kennedy BK. Does eNOS derived nitric oxide protect the young from severe COVID-19 complications? Ageing Res Rev. 2020;64:101201. doi:10.1016/j.arr.2020.101201 125. Nitric Oxide - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics. Accessed September 28, 2021. https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/medicine-and-dentistry/nitric-oxide 126. Levine AB, Punihaole D, Levine TB. Characterization of the Role of Nitric Oxide and Its Clinical Applications. Cardiology. 2012;122(1):55-68. doi:10.1159/000338150 127. Rosselli M, Keller PJ, Dubey RK. Role of nitric oxide in the biology, physiology and pathophysiology of reproduction. Hum Reprod Update. 1998;4(1):3-24. doi:10.1093/humupd/4.1.3 128. Mel A de. Potential roles of nitric oxide in COVID-19: A perspective. Integr Mol Med. 2020;7(3). doi:10.15761/IMM.1000403 129. Ricciardolo FLM, Bertolini F, Carriero V, Högman M. Nitric oxide’s physiologic effects and potential as a therapeutic agent against COVID-19. J Breath Res. 2020;15(1):014001. doi:10.1088/1752- 7163/abc302 130. Åkerström S, Gunalan V, Keng CT, Tan Y-J, Mirazimi A. Dual effect of nitric oxide on SARS-CoV replication: Viral RNA production and palmitoylation of the S protein are affected. Virology. 2009;395(1):1-9. doi:10.1016/j.virol.2009.09.007 131. Hadi HA, Carr CS, Al Suwaidi J. Endothelial Dysfunction: Cardiovascular Risk Factors, Therapy, and Outcome. Vasc Health Risk Manag. 2005;1(3):183-198. Accessed September 28, 2021. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1993955/ 132. Bonetti PO, Lerman LO, Lerman A. Endothelial Dysfunction. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2003;23(2):168-175. doi:10.1161/01.ATV.0000051384.43104.FC 133. Endothelial Dysfunction in Diabetes | Diabetes Care. Accessed September 28, 2021. https://care.diabetesjournals.org/content/34/Supplement_2/S285 134. Patel PD, Velazquez JL, Arora RR. Endothelial dysfunction in African-Americans. Int J Cardiol. 2009;132(2):157-172. doi:10.1016/j.ijcard.2008.10.007 135. Kalinowski L, Dobrucki IT, Malinski T. Race-specific differences in endothelial function: predisposition of African Americans to vascular diseases. Circulation. 2004;109(21):2511-2517. doi:10.1161/01.CIR.0000129087.81352.7A 136. Ungvari Z, Tarantini S, Kiss T, et al. Endothelial dysfunction and angiogenesis impairment in the ageing vasculature. Nat Rev Cardiol. 2018;15(9):555-565. doi:10.1038/s41569-018-0030-z 137. Reusch N, De Domenico E, Bonaguro L, et al. Neutrophils in COVID-19. Front Immunol. 2021;12:952. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2021.652470 138. Cavalcante-Silva LHA, Carvalho DCM, Lima É de A, et al. Neutrophils and COVID-19: The road so far. Int Immunopharmacol. 2021;90:107233. doi:10.1016/j.intimp.2020.107233 139. Knoll R, Schultze JL, Schulte-Schrepping J. Monocytes and Macrophages in COVID-19. Front Immunol. 2021;12:2952. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2021.720109 140. Meidaninikjeh S, Sabouni N, Marzouni HZ, Bengar S, Khalili A, Jafari R. Monocytes and macrophages in COVID-19: Friends and foes. Life Sci. 2021;269:119010. doi:10.1016/j.lfs.2020.119010 141. Phagocytes - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics. Accessed September 28, 2021. https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/immunology-and-microbiology/phagocytes 142. Respiratory Burst - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics. Accessed September 28, 2021. https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/agricultural-and-biological-sciences/respiratory-burst 143. Superoxide Dismutase - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics. Accessed September 28, 2021. https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/neuroscience/superoxide-dismutase 144. Myeloperoxidase - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics. Accessed September 28, 2021. https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/medicine-and-dentistry/myeloperoxidase 145. Spickett CM, Jerlich A, Panasenko OM, et al. The reactions of hypochlorous acid, the reactive oxygen species produced by myeloperoxidase, with lipids. Acta Biochim Pol. 2000;47(4):889-899. 146. Hypochlorous_acid. Accessed September 28, 2021. https://www.bionity.com/en/encyclopedia/Hypochlorous_acid.html 147. Neutrophil extracellular traps in immunity and disease | Nature Reviews Immunology. Accessed September 28, 2021. https://www.nature.com/articles/nri.2017.105 148. Kaplan MJ, Radic M. Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs): Double-edged swords of innate immunity. J Immunol Baltim Md 1950. 2012;189(6):2689-2695. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.1201719 149. Gillot C, Favresse J, Mullier F, Lecompte T, Dogné J-M, Douxfils J. NETosis and the Immune System in COVID-19: Mechanisms and Potential Treatments. Front Pharmacol. 2021;12:1999. doi:10.3389/fphar.2021.708302 150. Arcanjo A, Logullo J, Menezes CCB, et al. The emerging role of neutrophil extracellular traps in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (COVID-19). Sci Rep. 2020;10(1):19630. doi:10.1038/s41598-020-76781-0 151. Middleton EA, He X-Y, Denorme F, et al. Neutrophil extracellular traps contribute to immunothrombosis in COVID-19 acute respiratory distress syndrome. Blood. 2020;136(10):1169-1179. doi:10.1182/blood.2020007008 152. Schönrich G, Raftery MJ, Samstag Y. Devilishly radical NETwork in COVID-19: Oxidative stress, neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), and T cell suppression. Adv Biol Regul. 2020;77:100741. doi:10.1016/j.jbior.2020.100741 153. Goud PT, Bai D, Abu-Soud HM. A Multiple-Hit Hypothesis Involving Reactive Oxygen Species and Myeloperoxidase Explains Clinical Deterioration and Fatality in COVID-19. Int J Biol Sci. 2021;17(1):62-72. doi:10.7150/ijbs.51811 154. Edeas M, Saleh J, Peyssonnaux C. Iron: Innocent bystander or vicious culprit in COVID-19 pathogenesis? Int J Infect Dis. 2020;97:303-305. doi:10.1016/j.ijid.2020.05.110 155. Habib HM, Ibrahim S, Zaim A, Ibrahim WH. The role of iron in the pathogenesis of COVID-19 and possible treatment with lactoferrin and other iron chelators. Biomed Pharmacother. 2021;136:111228. doi:10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111228 156. Rahman A, Tabassum T, Araf Y, Al Nahid A, Ullah MdA, Hosen MJ. Silent hypoxia in COVID-19: pathomechanism and possible management strategy. Mol Biol Rep. Published online April 23, 2021:1-7. doi:10.1007/s11033-021-06358-1 157. Tobin MJ, Laghi F, Jubran A. Why COVID-19 Silent Hypoxemia Is Baffling to Physicians. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2020;202(3):356-360. doi:10.1164/rccm.202006-2157CP 158. Kehrer JP. The Haber-Weiss reaction and mechanisms of toxicity. Toxicology. 2000;149(1):43-50. doi:10.1016/s0300-483x(00)00231-6 159. Wardman P, Candeias LP. Fenton Chemistry: An Introduction. Radiat Res. 1996;145(5):523-531. doi:10.2307/3579270 160. Sharpe MA, Robb SJ, Clark JB. Nitric oxide and Fenton/Haber–Weiss chemistry: nitric oxide is a potent antioxidant at physiological concentrations. J Neurochem. 2003;87(2):386-394. doi:10.1046/j.1471-4159.2003.02001.x 161. Kanti Das T, Wati MR, Fatima-Shad K. Oxidative Stress Gated by Fenton and Haber Weiss Reactions and Its Association With Alzheimer’s Disease. Arch Neurosci. 2015;2(2). doi:10.5812/archneurosci.20078 162. Barciszewska A-M. Elucidating of oxidative distress in COVID-19 and methods of its prevention. Chem Biol Interact. 2021;344:109501. doi:10.1016/j.cbi.2021.109501 163. Ntyonga-Pono M-P. COVID-19 infection and oxidative stress: an under-explored approach for prevention and treatment? Pan Afr Med J. 2020;35(Suppl 2):12. doi:10.11604/pamj.2020.35.2.22877 164. Forcados GE, Muhammad A, Oladipo OO, Makama S, Meseko CA. Metabolic Implications of Oxidative Stress and Inflammatory Process in SARS-CoV-2 Pathogenesis: Therapeutic Potential of Natural Antioxidants. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2021;11:457. doi:10.3389/fcimb.2021.654813 165. Cumpstey AF, Clark AD, Santolini J, Jackson AA, Feelisch M. COVID-19: A Redox Disease—What a Stress Pandemic Can Teach Us About Resilience and What We May Learn from the Reactive Species Interactome About Its Treatment. Antioxid Redox Signal. Published online June 29, 2021. doi:10.1089/ars.2021.0017 166. Hydroxyl Radical - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics. Accessed September 28, 2021. https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/earth-and-planetary-sciences/hydroxyl-radical 167. Gligorovski S, Strekowski R, Barbati S, Vione D. Environmental Implications of Hydroxyl Radicals (•OH). Chem Rev. 2015;115(24):13051-13092. doi:10.1021/cr500310b 168. Lyngsie G, Krumina L, Tunlid A, Persson P. Generation of hydroxyl radicals from reactions between a dimethoxyhydroquinone and iron oxide nanoparticles. Sci Rep. 2018;8(1):10834. doi:10.1038/s41598-018-29075-5 169. Takeda K, Fujisawa K, Nojima H, Kato R, Ueki R, Sakugawa H. Hydroxyl radical generation with a high power ultraviolet light emitting diode (UV-LED) and application for determination of hydroxyl radical reaction rate constants. J Photochem Photobiol Chem. 2017;340:8-14. doi:10.1016/j.jphotochem.2017.02.020 170. Kord Forooshani P, Pinnaratip R, Polega E, et al. Hydroxyl Radical Generation through the Fenton-like Reaction of Hematin- and Catechol-Functionalized Microgels. Chem Mater. 2020;32(19):8182-8194. doi:10.1021/acs.chemmater.0c01551 171. Deng Y, Zhao R. Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOPs) in Wastewater Treatment. Curr Pollut Rep. 2015;1(3):167-176. doi:10.1007/s40726-015-0015-z 172. Hypoxanthine - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics. Accessed September 28, 2021. https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/chemistry/hypoxanthine 173. Dowell FJ, Hamilton CA, McMurray J, Reid JL. Effects of a xanthine oxidase/hypoxanthine free radical and reactive oxygen species generating system on endothelial function in New Zealand white rabbit aortic rings. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 1993;22(6):792-797. doi:10.1097/00005344-199312000- 00003 174. Fig. 1. Generation of superoxide by xanthine-hypoxanthine oxidase and... ResearchGate. Accessed September 28, 2021. https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Generation-of-superoxide-byxanthine-hypoxanthine-oxidase-and-NADH-SMP-systems-a-The_fig1_7927959 175. Granger DN. Role of xanthine oxidase and granulocytes in ischemia-reperfusion injury. Am J Physiol. 1988;255(6 Pt 2):H1269-1275. doi:10.1152/ajpheart.1988.255.6.H1269 176. Mao H, Yang A, Zhao Y, Lei L, Li H. Succinate Supplement Elicited “Pseudohypoxia” Condition to Promote Proliferation, Migration, and Osteogenesis of Periodontal Ligament Cells. Stem Cells Int. 2020;2020:e2016809. doi:10.1155/2020/2016809 177. Lukyanova LD, Kirova YI. Mitochondria-controlled signaling mechanisms of brain protection in hypoxia. Front Neurosci. 2015;9:320. doi:10.3389/fnins.2015.00320 178. Messner KR, Imlay JA. Mechanism of superoxide and hydrogen peroxide formation by fumarate reductase, succinate dehydrogenase, and aspartate oxidase. J Biol Chem. 2002;277(45):42563-42571. doi:10.1074/jbc.M204958200 179. Quinlan CL, Orr AL, Perevoshchikova IV, Treberg JR, Ackrell BA, Brand MD. Mitochondrial Complex II Can Generate Reactive Oxygen Species at High Rates in Both the Forward and Reverse Reactions. J Biol Chem. 2012;287(32):27255-27264. doi:10.1074/jbc.M112.374629 180. Cowled P, Fitridge R. Pathophysiology of Reperfusion Injury. In: Fitridge R, Thompson M, eds. Mechanisms of Vascular Disease: A Reference Book for Vascular Specialists. University of Adelaide Press; 2011. Accessed September 28, 2021. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK534267/ 181. Sun Z-Y, Xia H-G, Zhu D-Q, Deng L-M, Zhu P-Z, Wang D-B. Clinical significance of mechanical ventilation on ischemic-reperfusion injury caused by lung chest trauma and VEGF expression levels in peripheral blood. Exp Ther Med. 2017;14(3):2531-2535. doi:10.3892/etm.2017.4825 182. Gielis JF, Beckers PAJ, Briedé JJ, Cos P, Schil PEV. Oxidative and nitrosative stress during pulmonary ischemia-reperfusion injury: from the lab to the OR. Ann Transl Med. 2017;5(6):4-4. doi:10.21037/atm.2017.03.32 183. Wu N-C, Liao F-T, Cheng H, Sung S-H, Yang Y-C, Wang J-J. Intravenous superoxide dismutase as a protective agent to prevent impairment of lung function induced by high tidal volume ventilation. BMC Pulm Med. 2017;17:105. doi:10.1186/s12890-017-0448-9 184. Lipid Peroxidation - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics. Accessed September 28, 2021. https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/neuroscience/lipid-peroxidation 185. Ayala A, Muñoz MF, Argüelles S. Lipid Peroxidation: Production, Metabolism, and Signaling Mechanisms of Malondialdehyde and 4-Hydroxy-2-Nonenal. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2014;2014:360438. doi:10.1155/2014/360438 186. Binder CJ, Papac-Milicevic N, Witztum JL. Innate sensing of oxidation-specific epitopes in health and disease. Nat Rev Immunol. 2016;16(8):485-497. doi:10.1038/nri.2016.63 187. Leibundgut G, Witztum JL, Tsimikas S. Oxidation-specific epitopes and immunological responses: Translational biotheranostic implications for atherosclerosis. Curr Opin Pharmacol. 2013;13(2):10.1016/j.coph.2013.02.005. doi:10.1016/j.coph.2013.02.005 188. Miller YI, Choi S-H, Wiesner P, et al. Oxidation-Specific Epitopes Are Danger-Associated Molecular Patterns Recognized by Pattern Recognition Receptors of Innate Immunity. Circ Res. 2011;108(2):235-248. doi:10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.110.223875 189. Zhivaki D, Kagan JC. Innate immune detection of lipid oxidation as a threat assessment strategy. Nat Rev Immunol. Published online September 21, 2021:1-9. doi:10.1038/s41577-021-00618-8 190. Macdonald J, Galley HF, Webster NR. Oxidative stress and gene expression in sepsis. Br J Anaesth. 2003;90(2):221-232. doi:10.1093/bja/aeg034 191. Mantzarlis K, Tsolaki V, Zakynthinos E. Role of Oxidative Stress and Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Sepsis and Potential Therapies. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2017;2017:e5985209. doi:10.1155/2017/5985209 192. Toufekoula C, Papadakis V, Tsaganos T, et al. Compartmentalization of lipid peroxidation in sepsis by multidrug-resistant gram-negative bacteria: experimental and clinical evidence. Crit Care. 2013;17(1):R6. doi:10.1186/cc11930 193. Dominic P, Ahmad J, Bhandari R, et al. Decreased availability of nitric oxide and hydrogen sulfide is a hallmark of COVID-19. Redox Biol. 2021;43:101982. doi:10.1016/j.redox.2021.101982 194. Yang M, Lai CL. SARS-CoV-2 infection: can ferroptosis be a potential treatment target for multiple organ involvement? Cell Death Discov. 2020;6(1):1-6. doi:10.1038/s41420-020-00369-w 195. Jacobs W, Lammens M, Kerckhofs A, et al. Fatal lymphocytic cardiac damage in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): autopsy reveals a ferroptosis signature. ESC Heart Fail. 2020;7(6):3772-3781. doi:10.1002/ehf2.12958 196. Tavakol S, Seifalian AM. Vitamin E at a high dose as an anti-ferroptosis drug and not just a supplement for COVID-19 treatment. Biotechnol Appl Biochem. n/a(n/a). doi:10.1002/bab.2176 197. Sonnweber T, Boehm A, Sahanic S, et al. Persisting alterations of iron homeostasis in COVID-19 are associated with non-resolving lung pathologies and poor patients’ performance: a prospective observational cohort study. Respir Res. 2020;21(1):276. doi:10.1186/s12931-020-01546-2 198. Žarković N, Orehovec B, Milković L, et al. Preliminary Findings on the Association of the Lipid Peroxidation Product 4-Hydroxynonenal with the Lethal Outcome of Aggressive COVID-19. Antioxidants. 2021;10(9):1341. doi:10.3390/antiox10091341 199. Mehri F, Rahbar AH, Ghane ET, Souri B, Esfahani M. The comparison of oxidative markers between Covid-19 patients and healthy subjects. Arch Med Res. Published online June 7, 2021. doi:10.1016/j.arcmed.2021.06.004 200. Cao Z, Xia H, Rajsbaum R, Xia X, Wang H, Shi P-Y. Ubiquitination of SARS-CoV-2 ORF7a promotes antagonism of interferon response. Cell Mol Immunol. 2021;18(3):746-748. doi:10.1038/s41423-020- 00603-6 201. Zhang H, Zheng H, Zhu J, et al. Ubiquitin-Modified Proteome of SARS-CoV-2-Infected Host Cells Reveals Insights into Virus–Host Interaction and Pathogenesis. J Proteome Res. Published online March 5, 2021:acs.jproteome.0c00758. doi:10.1021/acs.jproteome.0c00758 202. Shi H, Zuo Y, Navaz S, et al. Endothelial cell-activating antibodies in COVID-19. MedRxiv Prepr Serv Health Sci. Published online July 9, 2021:2021.01.18.21250041. doi:10.1101/2021.01.18.21250041 203. Chang R, Mamun A, Dominic A, Le N-T. SARS-CoV-2 Mediated Endothelial Dysfunction: The Potential Role of Chronic Oxidative Stress. Front Physiol. 2021;11:1752. doi:10.3389/fphys.2020.605908 204. Mei ZW, van Wijk XMR, Pham HP, Marin MJ. Role of von Willebrand Factor in COVID-19 Associated Coagulopathy. J Appl Lab Med. 2021;6(5):1305-1315. doi:10.1093/jalm/jfab042 205. Mancini I, Baronciani L, Artoni A, et al. The ADAMTS13-von Willebrand factor axis in COVID-19 patients. J Thromb Haemost JTH. 2021;19(2):513-521. doi:10.1111/jth.15191 206. Ladikou EE, Sivaloganathan H, Milne KM, et al. Von Willebrand factor (vWF): marker of endothelial damage and thrombotic risk in COVID-19? Clin Med. 2020;20(5):e178-e182. doi:10.7861/clinmed.2020-0346 207. Afrin LB, Weinstock LB, Molderings GJ. Covid-19 hyperinflammation and post-Covid-19 illness may be rooted in mast cell activation syndrome. Int J Infect Dis IJID Off Publ Int Soc Infect Dis. 2020;100:327-332. doi:10.1016/j.ijid.2020.09.016 208. Gebremeskel S, Schanin J, Coyle KM, et al. Mast Cell and Eosinophil Activation Are Associated With COVID-19 and TLR-Mediated Viral Inflammation: Implications for an Anti-Siglec-8 Antibody. Front Immunol. 2021;12:641. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2021.650331 209. Java A, Apicelli AJ, Liszewski MK, et al. The complement system in COVID-19: friend and foe? JCI Insight. 5(15):e140711. doi:10.1172/jci.insight.140711 210. Noris M, Benigni A, Remuzzi G. The case of complement activation in COVID-19 multiorgan impact. Kidney Int. 2020;98(2):314-322. doi:10.1016/j.kint.2020.05.013 211. Holter JC, Pischke SE, Boer E de, et al. Systemic complement activation is associated with respiratory failure in COVID-19 hospitalized patients. Proc Natl Acad Sci. 2020;117(40):25018-25025. doi:10.1073/pnas.2010540117 212. Chouaki Benmansour N, Carvelli J, Vivier E. Complement cascade in severe forms of COVID-19: Recent advances in therapy. Eur J Immunol. 2021;51(7):1652-1659. doi:10.1002/eji.202048959 213. López-Pedrera C, Barbarroja N, Jimenez-Gomez Y, Collantes-Estevez E, Aguirre MA, Cuadrado MJ. Oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of atherothrombosis associated with anti-phospholipid syndrome and systemic lupus erythematosus: new therapeutic approaches. Rheumatol Oxf Engl. 2016;55(12):2096-2108. doi:10.1093/rheumatology/kew054 214. Farris AD, Guthridge JM. Overlapping B cell pathways in severe COVID-19 and lupus. Nat Immunol. 2020;21(12):1478-1480. doi:10.1038/s41590-020-00822-z 215. MacDonald L, Alivernini S, Tolusso B, et al. COVID-19 and RA share an SPP1 myeloid pathway that drives PD-L1+ neutrophils and CD14+ monocytes. JCI Insight. 2021;6(13). doi:10.1172/jci.insight.147413 216. Schett G, Manger B, Simon D, Caporali R. COVID-19 revisiting inflammatory pathways of arthritis. Nat Rev Rheumatol. 2020;16(8):465-470. doi:10.1038/s41584-020-0451-z 217. Luo M, Cao S, Wei L, et al. Intubation, mortality, and risk factors in critically ill Covid-19 patients: A pilot study. J Clin Anesth. 2020;67:110039. doi:10.1016/j.jclinane.2020.110039 218. Tandon A, Pandey L. COVID-19, steroids, and mucormycosis: What an ophthalmologist should know. Indian J Ophthalmol. 2021;69(7):1970. doi:10.4103/ijo.IJO_1143_21 219. Therapeutic Anticoagulation with Heparin in Critically Ill Patients with Covid-19. N Engl J Med. 2021;385(9):777-789. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2103417 220. Free radicals: What are they and why should nurses care about them? American Nurse. Published April 11, 2011. Accessed September 28, 2021. https://www.myamericannurse.com/freeradicals-what-are-they-and-why-should-nurses-care-about-them/ 221. Ahsan H, Ali A, Ali R. Oxygen free radicals and systemic autoimmunity. Clin Exp Immunol. 2003;131(3):398-404. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2249.2003.02104.x 222. 8.2: Generation of Free Radicals in the Body. Medicine LibreTexts. Published July 29, 2016. Accessed September 28, 2021. https://med.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Nutrition/Book%3A_An_Introduction_to_Nutrition_(Zimmerma n)/08%3A_Nutrients_Important_as_Antioxidants/8.02%3A_Generation_of_Free_Radicals_in_the_Body 223. Daiber A, Oelze M, Daub S, et al. Vascular Redox Signaling, Redox Switches in Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase (eNOS Uncoupling), and Endothelial Dysfunction. In: Laher I, ed. Systems Biology of Free Radicals and Antioxidants. Springer; 2014:1177-1211. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-30018-9_48 224. Gladyshev VN. The Free Radical Theory of Aging Is Dead. Long Live the Damage Theory! Antioxid Redox Signal. 2014;20(4):727-731. doi:10.1089/ars.2013.5228 225. Junghanns FB. MATH+ Protocol. FLCCC | Front Line COVID-19 Critical Care Alliance. Accessed September 28, 2021. https://covid19criticalcare.com/covid-19-protocols/math-plus-protocol/ 226. Lammi C, Arnoldi A. Food-derived antioxidants and COVID-19. J Food Biochem. 2021;45(1):e13557. doi:10.1111/jfbc.13557 227. Żukowski P, Maciejczyk M, Matczuk J, et al. Effect of N-Acetylcysteine on Antioxidant Defense, Oxidative Modification, and Salivary Gland Function in a Rat Model of Insulin Resistance. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2018;2018:e6581970. doi:10.1155/2018/6581970 228. Aldini G, Altomare A, Baron G, et al. N-Acetylcysteine as an antioxidant and disulphide breaking agent: the reasons why. Free Radic Res. 2018;52(7):751-762. doi:10.1080/10715762.2018.1468564 229. Zhitkovich A. N-Acetylcysteine: Antioxidant, Aldehyde Scavenger, and More. Chem Res Toxicol. 2019;32(7):1318-1319. doi:10.1021/acs.chemrestox.9b00152 230. Gilad E, Cuzzocrea S, Zingarelli B, Salzman AL, Szabó C. Melatonin is a scavenger of peroxynitrite. Life Sci. 1997;60(10):PL169-174. doi:10.1016/s0024-3205(97)00008-8 231. Shaeib F, Khan SN, Ali I, et al. Melatonin Prevents Myeloperoxidase Heme Destruction and the Generation of Free Iron Mediated by Self-Generated Hypochlorous Acid. PLOS ONE. 2015;10(4):e0120737. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0120737 232. Elsaed WM, Alahmadi AM, Al-Ahmadi BT, Taha JA, Tarabishi RM. Gastroprotective and antioxidant effects of fluvoxamine on stress-induced peptic ulcer in rats. J Taibah Univ Med Sci. 2018;13(5):422-431. doi:10.1016/j.jtumed.2018.04.010 233. Dallé E, Daniels WMU, Mabandla MV. Long-Term Treatment with Fluvoxamine Decreases Nonmotor Symptoms and Dopamine Depletion in a Postnatal Stress Rat Model of Parkinson’s Disease. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2020;2020:e1941480. doi:10.1155/2020/1941480 234. Braga PC, Dal Sasso M, Culici M, Bianchi T, Guffanti EE. Budesonide reduces superoxide and peroxynitrite anion chemiluminescence during human neutrophil bursts. Pharmacology. 2005;75(4):179- 186. doi:10.1159/000088623 235. Mikolka P, Kopincova J, Tomcikova Mikusiakova L, et al. Effects of surfactant/budesonide therapy on oxidative modifications in the lung in experimental meconium-induced lung injury. J Physiol Pharmacol Off J Pol Physiol Soc. 2016;67(1):57-65. 236. Lamothe PH, Rao E, Serra AJ, et al. Comparative efficacy of cimetidine, famotidine, ranitidine, and mylanta in postoperative stress ulcers. Gastric pH control and ulcer prevention in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft surgery. Gastroenterology. 1991;100(6):1515-1520. doi:10.1016/0016-5085(91)90647-4 237. van Zyl JM, Kriegler A, van der Walt BJ. Anti-oxidant properties of H2-receptor antagonists. Effects on myeloperoxidase-catalysed reactions and hydroxyl radical generation in a ferrous-hydrogen peroxide system. Biochem Pharmacol. 1993;45(12):2389-2397. doi:10.1016/0006-2952(93)90218-l 238. Ching T-L, Haenen GRMM, Bast A. Cimetidine and other H2 receptor antagonists as powerful hydroxyl radical scavengers. Chem Biol Interact. 1993;86(2):119-127. doi:10.1016/0009-2797(93)90116- G 239. Peterson DA, Gerrard JM, Rao GHR, White JG. Inhibition of ferrous iron induced oxidation of arachidonic acid by indomethacin. Prostaglandins Med. 1979;2(2):97-108. doi:10.1016/0161- 4630(79)90044-2 240. Cross AL, Hawkes J, Wright HL, Moots RJ, Edwards SW. APPA (apocynin and paeonol) modulates pathological aspects of human neutrophil function, without supressing antimicrobial ability, and inhibits TNFα expression and signalling. Inflammopharmacology. 2020;28(5):1223-1235. doi:10.1007/s10787- 020-00715-5 241. Heumüller S, Wind S, Barbosa-Sicard E, et al. Apocynin Is Not an Inhibitor of Vascular NADPH Oxidases but an Antioxidant. Hypertension. 2008;51(2):211-217. doi:10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.107.100214 242. de Almeida AC, dos Santos Vilela MM, Condino-Neto A, Ximenes VF. The Importance of Myeloperoxidase in Apocynin-Mediated NADPH Oxidase Inhibition. ISRN Inflamm. 2012;2012:260453. doi:10.5402/2012/260453 243. NADPH oxidase Covid-19 Oxygen treatment? ResearchGate. Accessed September 28, 2021. https://www.researchgate.net/post/NADPH_oxidase_Covid-19_Oxygen_treatment 244. Varga Z, Flammer AJ, Steiger P, et al. Endothelial cell infection and endotheliitis in COVID-19. The Lancet. 2020;395(10234):1417-1418. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30937-5 245. COVID19. Global Sepsis Alliance. Accessed September 28, 2021. https://www.global-sepsisalliance.org/covid19 246. HealthLeaders. Expert: Severe COVID-19 Illness Is Viral Sepsis. Accessed September 28, 2021. https://www.healthleadersmedia.com/clinical-care/expert-severe-covid-19-illness-viral-sepsis 247. Aisa-Alvarez A, Soto ME, Guarner-Lans V, et al. Usefulness of Antioxidants as Adjuvant Therapy for Septic Shock: A Randomized Clinical Trial. Med Kaunas Lith. 2020;56(11):E619. doi:10.3390/medicina56110619 248. Aisa-Alvarez A, Perez-Torres I, Camarena-Alejo G, et al. A Randomized clinical trial of antioxidant therapy in patients with septic shock. Reference study to propose adjuvant therapy in patients with critical organic damage by COVID-19. Published online September 28, 2021. doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs52169/v1 249. Kashiouris MG, L’Heureux M, Cable CA, Fisher BJ, Leichtle SW, Fowler AA. The Emerging Role of Vitamin C as a Treatment for Sepsis. Nutrients. 2020;12(2):E292. doi:10.3390/nu12020292 250. That “damn machine”: mechanical ventilators in the ICU. STAT. Published August 20, 2021. Accessed September 28, 2021. https://www.statnews.com/2021/08/20/that-damn-machine-the-darkside-of-mechanical-ventilators-in-the-icu/ 251. Ferreira JC, Ho Y-L, Besen BAMP, et al. Protective ventilation and outcomes of critically ill patients with COVID-19: a cohort study. Ann Intensive Care. 2021;11(1):92. doi:10.1186/s13613-021- 00882-w 252. Effect of Hydroxychloroquine in Hospitalized Patients with Covid-19. N Engl J Med. 2020;383(21):2030-2040. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2022926 253. Popp M, Stegemann M, Metzendorf M-I, et al. Ivermectin for preventing and treating COVID-19. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2021;7:CD015017. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD015017.pub2 254. Acosta MAT, Singer BD. Pathogenesis of COVID-19-induced ARDS: implications for an aging population. Eur Respir J. Published online January 1, 2020. doi:10.1183/13993003.02049-2020 255. dos Santos WG. Natural history of COVID-19 and current knowledge on treatment therapeutic options. Biomed Pharmacother. 2020;129:110493. doi:10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110493 256. Dölken L, Stich A, Spinner CD. Remdesivir for Early COVID-19 Treatment of High-Risk Individuals Prior to or at Early Disease Onset—Lessons Learned. Viruses. 2021;13(6):963. doi:10.3390/v13060963 257. Hydroxychloroquine does not benefit adults hospitalized with COVID-19. National Institutes of Health (NIH). Published November 9, 2020. Accessed September 28, 2021. https://www.nih.gov/newsevents/news-releases/hydroxychloroquine-does-not-benefit-adults-hospitalized-covid-19 258. Ivermectin Won’t Treat Covid-19 but Demand for Drug Surges - The New York Times. Accessed September 28, 2021. https://www.nytimes.com/2021/08/30/health/covid-ivermectinprescriptions.html 259. What the FDA wants doctors to tell patients asking for ivermectin. American Medical Association. Accessed September 28, 2021. https://www.ama-assn.org/delivering-care/publichealth/what-fda-wants-doctors-tell-patients-asking-ivermectin 260. AbbVie’s Kaletra doesn’t work in COVID-19, say Chinese scientists -. Accessed September 28, 2021. https://pharmaphorum.com/news/abbvies-kaletra-doesnt-work-in-covid-19-say-chinesescientists/ 261. Chamary JV. The Strange Story Of Remdesivir, A Covid Drug That Doesn’t Work. Forbes. Accessed September 28, 2021. https://www.forbes.com/sites/jvchamary/2021/01/31/remdesivir-covidcoronavirus/ 262. Uttar Pradesh government says early use of Ivermectin helped to keep positivity, deaths low. The Indian Express. Published May 12, 2021. Accessed September 28, 2021. https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/lucknow/uttar-pradesh-government-says-ivermectin-helped-tokeep-deaths-low-7311786/ 263. India Claims Ivermectin is Effective Against COVID – Orion’s Cold Fire. Accessed September 28, 2021. https://orionscoldfire.com/index.php/2021/09/16/india-claims-ivermectin-is-effective-againstcovid/ 264. Dr. Soumya Swaminathan deletes her controversial tweet - Indian Bar Association. Accessed September 28, 2021. https://indianbarassociation.in/indian-bar-associationiba-vs-drsoumyaswaminathan/ 265. Indian Bar Association Charges WHO Chief Scientist for Mass Murder - PaulCraigRoberts.org. Accessed September 28, 2021. https://www.paulcraigroberts.org/2021/08/23/indian-bar-associationcharges-who-chief-scientist-for-mass-murder/ 266. Ivomec® (ivermectin) – Effective dewormer, trusted for more than 35 years. Boehringer Ingelheim Vetmedica. Published April 10, 2019. Accessed September 28, 2021. https://www.bivetmedica.com/species/cattle/products/ivomec.html 267. CRUMP A, ŌMURA S. Ivermectin, ‘Wonder drug’ from Japan: the human use perspective. Proc Jpn Acad Ser B Phys Biol Sci. 2011;87(2):13-28. doi:10.2183/pjab.87.13 268. Camero K. Some people are taking an anti-parasitic to treat COVID. Here’s why that’s a bad idea. Miami Herald. Accessed September 28, 2021. https://www.miamiherald.com/news/coronavirus/article253290108.html 269. Editor AD News. University experts weigh in on using ivermectin ‘horse dewormer’ as COVID-19 treatment. Technician. Accessed September 28, 2021. https://www.technicianonline.com/news/university-experts-weigh-in-on-using-ivermectin-horsedewormer-as-covid-19-treatment/article_319584f2-15dc-11ec-a985-5b35a9dc71ff.html 270. Yang SNY, Atkinson SC, Wang C, et al. The broad spectrum antiviral ivermectin targets the host nuclear transport importin α/β1 heterodimer. Antiviral Res. 2020;177:104760. doi:10.1016/j.antiviral.2020.104760 271. Kosyna FK, Nagel M, Kluxen L, Kraushaar K, Depping R. The importin α/β-specific inhibitor Ivermectin affects HIF-dependent hypoxia response pathways. Biol Chem. 2015;396(12):1357-1367. doi:10.1515/hsz-2015-0171 272. Shahbaznejad L, Davoudi A, Eslami G, et al. Effects of Ivermectin in Patients With COVID-19: A Multicenter, Double-blind, Randomized, Controlled Clinical Trial. Clin Ther. 2021;43(6):1007-1019. doi:10.1016/j.clinthera.2021.04.007 273. Zaidi AK, Dehgani-Mobaraki P. The mechanisms of action of Ivermectin against SARS-CoV-2: An evidence-based clinical review article. J Antibiot (Tokyo). Published online June 15, 2021:1-13. doi:10.1038/s41429-021-00430-5 274. Ivermectin for COVID-19: real-time meta analysis of 65 studies. Accessed September 28, 2021. https://ivmmeta.com/ 275. Israeli scientist says COVID-19 could be treated for under $1/day. The Jerusalem Post | JPost.com. Accessed September 28, 2021. https://www.jpost.com/health-science/israeli-scientist-sayscovid-19-could-be-treated-for-under-1day-675612 276. Feuer W. Gilead’s coronavirus treatment remdesivir to cost $3,120 per U.S. patient with private insurance. CNBC. Published June 29, 2020. Accessed September 28, 2021. https://www.cnbc.com/2020/06/29/gileads-coronavirus-treatment-remdesivir-to-cost-3120-for-usinsured-patients.html 277. Pharmaceutical companies pay low taxes and reap enormous profit from COVID vaccines. American Friends Service Committee. Published September 15, 2021. Accessed September 28, 2021. https://www.afsc.org/newsroom/pharmaceutical-companies-pay-low-taxes-and-reap-enormous-profitcovid-vaccines 278. Obscene global vaccine profiteering by pharmaceutical companies. World Socialist Web Site. Accessed September 28, 2021. https://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2021/04/01/vacc-a01.html 279. Pharmaceutical Companies Reaping Immoral Profits From COVID Vaccines Yet Paying Low Tax Rates. Common Dreams. Accessed September 28, 2021. https://www.commondreams.org/newswire/2021/09/15/pharmaceutical-companies-reaping-immoralprofits-covid-vaccines-yet-paying-low 280. Ennis M, Tiligada K. Histamine receptors and COVID-19. Inflamm Res. Published online November 18, 2020:1-9. doi:10.1007/s00011-020-01422-1 281. Hogan II RB, Hogan III RB, Cannon T, et al. Dual-histamine receptor blockade with cetirizine - famotidine reduces pulmonary symptoms in COVID-19 patients. Pulm Pharmacol Ther. 2020;63:101942. doi:10.1016/j.pupt.2020.101942 282. Mura C, Preissner S, Nahles S, Heiland M, Bourne PE, Preissner R. Real-world evidence for improved outcomes with histamine antagonists and aspirin in 22,560 COVID-19 patients. Signal Transduct Target Ther. 2021;6(1):1-3. doi:10.1038/s41392-021-00689-y 283. Ishola AA, Joshi T, Abdulai SI, Tijjani H, Pundir H, Chandra S. Molecular basis for the repurposing of histamine H2-receptor antagonist to treat COVID-19. J Biomol Struct Dyn. 2021;0(0):1-18. doi:10.1080/07391102.2021.1873191 284. Cross KM, Landis DM, Sehgal L, Payne JD. Melatonin for the Early Treatment of COVID-19: A Narrative Review of Current Evidence and Possible Efficacy. Endocr Pract. 2021;27(8):850-855. doi:10.1016/j.eprac.2021.06.001 285. Camp OG, Bai D, Gonullu DC, Nayak N, Abu-Soud HM. Melatonin interferes with COVID-19 at several distinct ROS-related steps. J Inorg Biochem. 2021;223:111546. doi:10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2021.111546 286. Marinella MA. Indomethacin and resveratrol as potential treatment adjuncts for SARS-CoV2/COVID-19. Int J Clin Pract. 2020;74(9):e13535. doi:10.1111/ijcp.13535 287. Yu L-M, Bafadhel M, Dorward J, et al. Inhaled budesonide for COVID-19 in people at high risk of complications in the community in the UK (PRINCIPLE): a randomised, controlled, open-label, adaptive platform trial. The Lancet. 2021;398(10303):843-855. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(21)01744-X 288. Ebell MH. Inhaled Budesonide Reduces the Risk of Emergency Department Evaluation or Hospitalization in Early COVID-19. Am Fam Physician. 2021;104(2):207-208. Accessed September 28, 2021. https://www.aafp.org/afp/2021/0800/p207.html 289. Amici C, Di Caro A, Ciucci A, et al. Indomethacin has a potent antiviral activity against SARS coronavirus. Antivir Ther. 2006;11(8):1021-1030. 290. Droplets vs Aerosols: What’s More Important in COVID-19 Spread? Published May 13, 2021. Accessed September 28, 2021. https://www.medpagetoday.com/special-reports/exclusives/92564 291. COVID-19: Droplet or Airborne Transmission? Penn Medicine Epidemiologists Issue Statement - Penn Medicine. Accessed September 28, 2021. https://www.pennmedicine.org/updates/blogs/pennphysician-blog/2020/august/airborne-droplet-debate-article 292. 239 Experts With One Big Claim: The Coronavirus Is Airborne - The New York Times. Accessed September 28, 2021. https://www.nytimes.com/2020/07/04/health/239-experts-with-one-big-claimthe-coronavirus-is-airborne.html 293. Goldman E. Exaggerated risk of transmission of COVID-19 by fomites. Lancet Infect Dis. 2020;20(8):892-893. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30561-2 294. Lewis D. COVID-19 rarely spreads through surfaces. So why are we still deep cleaning? Nature. 2021;590(7844):26-28. doi:10.1038/d41586-021-00251-4 295. Viable SARS-CoV-2 in the air of a hospital room with COVID-19 patients | medRxiv. Accessed September 28, 2021. https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.03.20167395v1 296. PolitiFact JG. What We Know About the Airborne Spread of the Coronavirus. Kaiser Health News. Published September 30, 2020. Accessed September 28, 2021. https://khn.org/news/fact-checkairborne-transmission-coronavirus-science-behind-aerosol-spread/ 297. A guideline to limit indoor airborne transmission of COVID-19 | PNAS. Accessed September 28, 2021. https://www.pnas.org/content/118/17/e2018995118 298. Chen CC, Willeke K. Aerosol penetration through surgical masks. Am J Infect Control. 1992;20(4):177-184. doi:10.1016/s0196-6553(05)80143-9 299. Konda A, Prakash A, Moss GA, Schmoldt M, Grant GD, Guha S. Aerosol Filtration Efficiency of Common Fabrics Used in Respiratory Cloth Masks. ACS Nano. 2020;14(5):6339-6347. doi:10.1021/acsnano.0c03252 300. Guide for the Selection of Personal Protective Equipment for Emergency First Responders (Percutaneous Protection--Apparel), NIJ Guide 102-00, Volume IIc. National Institute of Justice. Accessed September 28, 2021. https://nij.ojp.gov/library/publications/guide-selection-personal-protectiveequipment-emergency-first-responders-1 301. US EPA O. EPA Researchers Test Effectiveness of Face Masks, Disinfection Methods Against COVID-19. Published April 5, 2021. Accessed September 28, 2021. https://www.epa.gov/sciencematters/epa-researchers-test-effectiveness-face-masks-disinfectionmethods-against-covid-19 302. Caruhel J-B, Sigaux N, Crambert A, et al. Military gas mask to protect surgeons when performing tracheotomies on patients with COVID-19. BMJ Mil Health. Published online August 2020:bmjmilitary2020-001547. doi:10.1136/bmjmilitary-2020-001547 303. Coronavirus Protection Made Easy with the MaxAir CAPR®. Mopec. Published March 2, 2020. Accessed September 28, 2021. https://www.mopec.com/coronavirus-protection-made-easy-with-themaxair-capr/ 304. Kitajima M, Ahmed W, Bibby K, et al. SARS-CoV-2 in wastewater: State of the knowledge and research needs. Sci Total Environ. 2020;739:139076. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139076 305. Sharif S, Ikram A, Khurshid A, et al. Detection of SARs-CoV-2 in wastewater using the existing environmental surveillance network: A potential supplementary system for monitoring COVID-19 transmission. PLOS ONE. 2021;16(6):e0249568. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0249568 306. Peccia J, Zulli A, Brackney DE, et al. Measurement of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in wastewater tracks community infection dynamics. Nat Biotechnol. 2020;38(10):1164-1167. doi:10.1038/s41587-020-0684-z 307. McKinney KR, Gong YY, Lewis TG. Environmental transmission of SARS at Amoy Gardens. J Environ Health. 2006;68(9):26-30; quiz 51-52. 308. Hung LS. The SARS epidemic in Hong Kong: what lessons have we learned? J R Soc Med. 2003;96(8):374-378. Accessed September 28, 2021. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC539564/ 309. COVID-19 Could Spread Through Dry Floor Drains. CleanLink. Accessed September 28, 2021. https://www.cleanlink.com/news/article/COVID-19-Could-Spread-Through-Dry-Floor-Drains--25600 310. ‘Leaky’ Vaccines Can Produce Stronger Versions of Viruses. Healthline. Published July 27, 2015. Accessed September 28, 2021. https://www.healthline.com/health-news/leaky-vaccines-can-producestronger-versions-of-viruses-072715 311. MD BH. Let’s Stop Pretending About the Covid-19 Vaccines | RealClearScience. Published August 23, 2021. Accessed September 28, 2021. https://www.realclearscience.com/articles/2021/08/23/lets_stop_pretending_about_the_covid19_vaccines_791050.html 312. CDC Newsroom. CDC. Published January 1, 2016. Accessed September 28, 2021. https://www.cdc.gov/media/releases/2021/s0730-mmwr-covid-19.html 313. Brueck H. CDC: Everyone should mask up indoors — whether they’re fully vaccinated or not — as the Delta variant sweeps the US. Business Insider. Accessed September 28, 2021. https://www.businessinsider.com/cdc-fully-vaccinated-new-guidelines-wear-masks-indoors-delta-2021- 7 314. Lasting immunity found after recovery from COVID-19. National Institutes of Health (NIH). Published January 25, 2021. Accessed September 28, 2021. https://www.nih.gov/news-events/nihresearch-matters/lasting-immunity-found-after-recovery-covid-19 315. Gazit S, Shlezinger R, Perez G, et al. Comparing SARS-CoV-2 Natural Immunity to VaccineInduced Immunity: Reinfections versus Breakthrough Infections.; 2021:2021.08.24.21262415. doi:10.1101/2021.08.24.21262415 316. Accelerated Covid-19 Vaccine Clinical Trials. JD Supra. Accessed September 28, 2021. https://www.jdsupra.com/legalnews/accelerated-covid-19-vaccine-clinical-95853/ 317. Were the COVID-19 vaccines rushed? Here’s how the vaccines were developed so fast. Accessed September 28, 2021. https://www.nebraskamed.com/COVID/were-the-covid-19-vaccines-rushed 318. Reichmuth AM, Oberli MA, Jaklenec A, Langer R, Blankschtein D. mRNA vaccine delivery using lipid nanoparticles. Ther Deliv. 2016;7(5):319-334. doi:10.4155/tde-2016-0006 319. Without these lipid shells, there would be no mRNA vaccines for COVID-19. Chemical & Engineering News. Accessed September 28, 2021. https://cen.acs.org/pharmaceuticals/drugdelivery/Without-lipid-shells-mRNA-vaccines/99/i8 320. CDC. Understanding mRNA COVID-19 Vaccines. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Published March 4, 2021. Accessed September 28, 2021. https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019- ncov/vaccines/different-vaccines/mrna.html 321. What are mRNA vaccines and how do they work?: MedlinePlus Genetics. Accessed September 28, 2021. https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/understanding/therapy/mrnavaccines/ 322. Corbett KS, Edwards DK, Leist SR, et al. SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccine design enabled by prototype pathogen preparedness. Nature. 2020;586(7830):567-571. doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2622-0 323. PhD SM. How mRNA vaccines from Pfizer and Moderna work, why they’re a breakthrough and why they need to be kept so cold. The Conversation. Accessed September 28, 2021. http://theconversation.com/how-mrna-vaccines-from-pfizer-and-moderna-work-why-theyre-abreakthrough-and-why-they-need-to-be-kept-so-cold-150238 324. Martínez-Flores D, Zepeda-Cervantes J, Cruz-Reséndiz A, Aguirre-Sampieri S, Sampieri A, Vaca L. SARS-CoV-2 Vaccines Based on the Spike Glycoprotein and Implications of New Viral Variants. Front Immunol. 2021;12:2774. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2021.701501 325. Prompetchara E, Ketloy C, Tharakhet K, et al. DNA vaccine candidate encoding SARS-CoV-2 spike proteins elicited potent humoral and Th1 cell-mediated immune responses in mice. PLOS ONE. 2021;16(3):e0248007. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0248007 326. COVID-19 Viral Vector Vaccines. Accessed September 28, 2021. https://www.idsociety.org/covid-19-real-time-learning-network/vaccines/covid-19-viral-vectorvaccines/ 327. Zimmerman RK. Helping patients with ethical concerns about COVID-19 vaccines in light of fetal cell lines used in some COVID-19 vaccines. Vaccine. 2021;39(31):4242-4244. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.06.027 328. The Ethics of the SARS-CoV-2 Vaccines Revisited. Christian Medical & Dental Associations® (CMDA). Published September 15, 2021. Accessed September 28, 2021. https://cmda.org/the-ethics-ofthe-sars-cov-2-vaccines-revisited/ 329. Canadian Covid Care Alliance. Accessed September 28, 2021. https://mailchi.mp/5666d252288c/canadian-covid-care-alliance 330. Juraszek J, Rutten L, Blokland S, et al. Stabilizing the closed SARS-CoV-2 spike trimer. Nat Commun. 2021;12(1):244. doi:10.1038/s41467-020-20321-x 331. The tiny tweak behind COVID-19 vaccines. Chemical & Engineering News. Accessed September 28, 2021. https://cen.acs.org/pharmaceuticals/vaccines/tiny-tweak-behind-COVID-19/98/i38 332. SARS-COV-2 mRNA Vaccine (BNT162, PF-07302048) 2.6.4 Overview of Pharmacokinetic Test | BibSonomy. Accessed September 28, 2021. https://www.bibsonomy.org/bibtex/29920ce3643fa2f4fdbecccfa57790d2d/fordham1 333. Krantz MS, Liu Y, Phillips EJ, Stone CA. COVID-19 vaccine anaphylaxis: PEG or not? Allergy. 2021;76(6):1934-1937. doi:10.1111/all.14722 334. Moghimi SM. Allergic Reactions and Anaphylaxis to LNP-Based COVID-19 Vaccines. Mol Ther. 2021;29(3):898-900. doi:10.1016/j.ymthe.2021.01.030 335. Overview of translation (article). Khan Academy. Accessed September 28, 2021. https://www.khanacademy.org/science/ap-biology/gene-expression-andregulation/translation/a/translation-overview 336. Thomas EN, Kim KQ, McHugh EP, Marcinkiewicz T, Zaher HS. Alkylative damage of mRNA leads to ribosome stalling and rescue by trans translation in bacteria. Dever TE, Storz G, eds. eLife. 2020;9:e61984. doi:10.7554/eLife.61984 337. Karamyshev AL, Karamysheva ZN. Lost in Translation: Ribosome-Associated mRNA and Protein Quality Controls. Front Genet. 2018;9:431. doi:10.3389/fgene.2018.00431 338. Mendonsa S, von Kuegelgen N, Bujanic L, Chekulaeva M. Charcot–Marie–Tooth mutation in glycyl-tRNA synthetase stalls ribosomes in a pre-accommodation state and activates integrated stress response. Nucleic Acids Res. 2021;49(17):10007-10017. doi:10.1093/nar/gkab730 339. Zuko A, Mallik M, Thompson R, et al. tRNA overexpression rescues peripheral neuropathy caused by mutations in tRNA synthetase. Science. 2021;373(6559):1161-1166. doi:10.1126/science.abb3356 340. Zhang S, Chen Y, Wang Y, Zhang P, Chen G, Zhou Y. Insights Into Translatomics in the Nervous System. Front Genet. 2020;11:1682. doi:10.3389/fgene.2020.599548 341. Klein T, Eckhard U, Dufour A, Solis N, Overall CM. Proteolytic Cleavage—Mechanisms, Function, and “Omic” Approaches for a Near-Ubiquitous Posttranslational Modification. Chem Rev. 2018;118(3):1137-1168. doi:10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00120 342. Örd M, Faustova I, Loog M. The sequence at Spike S1/S2 site enables cleavage by furin and phospho-regulation in SARS-CoV2 but not in SARS-CoV1 or MERS-CoV. Sci Rep. 2020;10(1):16944. doi:10.1038/s41598-020-74101-0 343. Lemmin T, Kalbermatter D, Harder D, Plattet P, Fotiadis D. Structures and dynamics of the novel S1/S2 protease cleavage site loop of the SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein. J Struct Biol X. 2020;4:100038. doi:10.1016/j.yjsbx.2020.100038 344. Belouzard S, Chu VC, Whittaker GR. Activation of the SARS coronavirus spike protein via sequential proteolytic cleavage at two distinct sites. Proc Natl Acad Sci. 2009;106(14):5871-5876. doi:10.1073/pnas.0809524106 345. Ogata AF, Cheng C-A, Desjardins M, et al. Circulating Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Vaccine Antigen Detected in the Plasma of mRNA-1273 Vaccine Recipients. Clin Infect Dis. 2021;(ciab465). doi:10.1093/cid/ciab465 346. Peacock TP, Goldhill DH, Zhou J, et al. The furin cleavage site in the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein is required for transmission in ferrets. Nat Microbiol. 2021;6(7):899-909. doi:10.1038/s41564-021-00908- w 347. Bestle D, Heindl MR, Limburg H, et al. TMPRSS2 and furin are both essential for proteolytic activation of SARS-CoV-2 in human airway cells. Life Sci Alliance. 2020;3(9). doi:10.26508/lsa.202000786 348. Cheng MH, Zhang S, Porritt RA, et al. Superantigenic character of an insert unique to SARS-CoV-2 spike supported by skewed TCR repertoire in patients with hyperinflammation. Proc Natl Acad Sci. 2020;117(41):25254-25262. doi:10.1073/pnas.2010722117 349. Brown M, Bhardwaj N. Super(antigen) target for SARS-CoV-2. Nat Rev Immunol. 2021;21(2):72- 72. doi:10.1038/s41577-021-00502-5 350. Föhse K, Geckin B, Overheul G, et al. The BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 reprograms both adaptive and innate immune response. Published online 2021. doi:10.1101/2021.05.03.21256520 351. Wang H, Chen Q, Hu Y, et al. Pathogenic antibodies induced by spike proteins of COVID-19 and SARS-CoV viruses. Published online September 28, 2021. doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-612103/v2 352. says R to the document-WB. Summary: Covid-19 Vaccine Concerns. Dr. Rich Swier. Published September 18, 2021. Accessed September 28, 2021. https://drrichswier.com/2021/09/18/summarycovid-19-vaccine-concerns/ 353. Commissioner O of the. Coronavirus (COVID-19) Update: July 13, 2021. FDA. Published July 13, 2021. Accessed September 28, 2021. https://www.fda.gov/news-events/pressannouncements/coronavirus-covid-19-update-july-13-2021 354. Bell’s Palsy After COVID Vaccines Still Very Rare. Published August 16, 2021. Accessed September 28, 2021. https://www.medpagetoday.com/infectiousdisease/covid19vaccine/94061 355. Havla J, Schultz Y, Zimmermann H, Hohlfeld R, Danek A, Kümpfel T. First manifestation of multiple sclerosis after immunization with the Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine. J Neurol. Published online June 11, 2021. doi:10.1007/s00415-021-10648-w 356. Baggen J, Vanstreels E, Jansen S, Daelemans D. Cellular host factors for SARS-CoV-2 infection. Nat Microbiol. 2021;6(10):1219-1232. doi:10.1038/s41564-021-00958-0 357. Perez-Miller S, Patek M, Moutal A, et al. Novel Compounds Targeting Neuropilin Receptor 1 with Potential To Interfere with SARS-CoV-2 Virus Entry. ACS Chem Neurosci. 2021;12(8):1299-1312. doi:10.1021/acschemneuro.0c00619 358. Daly JL, Simonetti B, Klein K, et al. Neuropilin-1 is a host factor for SARS-CoV-2 infection. Science. 2020;370(6518):861-865. doi:10.1126/science.abd3072 359. Nader D, Fletcher N, Curley GF, Kerrigan SW. SARS-CoV-2 uses major endothelial integrin αvβ3 to cause vascular dysregulation in-vitro during COVID-19. PLOS ONE. 2021;16(6):e0253347. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0253347 360. Petruk G, Puthia M, Petrlova J, et al. SARS-CoV-2 spike protein binds to bacterial lipopolysaccharide and boosts proinflammatory activity. J Mol Cell Biol. 2020;12(12):916-932. doi:10.1093/jmcb/mjaa067 361. Suzuki YJ, Gychka SG. SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein Elicits Cell Signaling in Human Host Cells: Implications for Possible Consequences of COVID-19 Vaccines. Vaccines. 2021;9(1):36. doi:10.3390/vaccines9010036 362. Liu S, Selvaraj P, Lien CZ, et al. The PRRA Insert at the S1/S2 Site Modulates Cellular Tropism of SARS-CoV-2 and ACE2 Usage by the Closely Related Bat RaTG13. J Virol. 95(11):e01751-20. doi:10.1128/JVI.01751-20 363. Johnson BA, Xie X, Kalveram B, et al. Furin Cleavage Site Is Key to SARS-CoV-2 Pathogenesis. bioRxiv. Published online August 26, 2020:2020.08.26.268854. doi:10.1101/2020.08.26.268854 364. Deigin Y. Lab-made? CoV2 genealogy through the lens of gain-of-function research. Medium. Published May 3, 2020. Accessed September 28, 2021. https://yurideigin.medium.com/lab-made-cov2- genealogy-through-the-lens-of-gain-of-function-research-f96dd7413748 365. Tetz G, Tetz V. SARS-CoV-2 Prion-Like Domains in Spike Proteins Enable Higher Affinity to ACE2. Published online March 29, 2020. doi:10.20944/preprints202003.0422.v1 366. Fryer HR, McLean AR. There Is No Safe Dose of Prions. PLOS ONE. 2011;6(8):e23664. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0023664 367. Seneff S, Nigh G. Worse Than the Disease? Reviewing Some Possible Unintended Consequences of the mRNA Vaccines Against COVID-19. Int J Vaccine Theory Pract Res. 2021;2(1):38-79. Accessed September 28, 2021. https://ijvtpr.com/index.php/IJVTPR/article/view/23 368. Idrees D, Kumar V. SARS-CoV-2 spike protein interactions with amyloidogenic proteins: Potential clues to neurodegeneration. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2021;554:94-98. doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2021.03.100 369. Rhea EM, Logsdon AF, Hansen KM, et al. The S1 protein of SARS-CoV-2 crosses the blood–brain barrier in mice. Nat Neurosci. 2021;24(3):368-378. doi:10.1038/s41593-020-00771-8 370. Zhang L, Zhou L, Bao L, et al. SARS-CoV-2 crosses the blood–brain barrier accompanied with basement membrane disruption without tight junctions alteration. Signal Transduct Target Ther. 2021;6(1):1-12. doi:10.1038/s41392-021-00719-9 371. Buzhdygan TP, DeOre BJ, Baldwin-Leclair A, et al. The SARS-CoV-2 spike protein alters barrier function in 2D static and 3D microfluidic in-vitro models of the human blood-brain barrier. Neurobiol Dis. 2020;146:105131. doi:10.1016/j.nbd.2020.105131 372. Ricke DO. Two Different Antibody-Dependent Enhancement (ADE) Risks for SARS-CoV-2 Antibodies. Front Immunol. 2021;12:640093. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2021.640093 373. Halstead SB, Katzelnick L. COVID 19 Vaccines: Should we fear ADE? J Infect Dis. Published online August 12, 2020:jiaa518. doi:10.1093/infdis/jiaa518 374. Yahi N, Chahinian H, Fantini J. Infection-enhancing anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies recognize both the original Wuhan/D614G strain and Delta variants. A potential risk for mass vaccination? J Infect. 2021;0(0). doi:10.1016/j.jinf.2021.08.010 375. (STUDY) Why so many vaccinated people are getting sick: Antibody Dependent Enhancement (ADE) | Sharyl Attkisson. Accessed September 28, 2021. https://sharylattkisson.com/2021/08/studywhy-so-many-vaccinated-people-are-getting-sick/ 376. Lee WS, Wheatley AK, Kent SJ, DeKosky BJ. Antibody-dependent enhancement and SARS-CoV-2 vaccines and therapies. Nat Microbiol. 2020;5(10):1185-1191. doi:10.1038/s41564-020-00789-5 377. Wen J, Cheng Y, Ling R, et al. Antibody-dependent enhancement of coronavirus. Int J Infect Dis. 2020;100:483-489. doi:10.1016/j.ijid.2020.09.015 378. Wan Y, Shang J, Sun S, et al. Molecular Mechanism for Antibody-Dependent Enhancement of Coronavirus Entry. J Virol. 2020;94(5):e02015-19. doi:10.1128/JVI.02015-19 379. Liu Y, Arase N, Kishikawa J, et al. The SARS-CoV-2 Delta Variant Is Poised to Acquire Complete Resistance to Wild-Type Spike Vaccines.; 2021:2021.08.22.457114. doi:10.1101/2021.08.22.457114 380. Zhang A, Stacey HD, Mullarkey CE, Miller MS. Original Antigenic Sin: How First Exposure Shapes Lifelong Anti–Influenza Virus Immune Responses. J Immunol. 2019;202(2):335-340. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.1801149 381. Brown EL, Essigmann HT. Original Antigenic Sin: the Downside of Immunological Memory and Implications for COVID-19. mSphere. 6(2):e00056-21. doi:10.1128/mSphere.00056-21 382. Antibody Dependent Enhancement - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics. Accessed September 28, 2021. https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/medicine-and-dentistry/antibody-dependentenhancement 383. ADE. Accessed September 28, 2021. https://www.cdc.gov/dengue/training/cme/ccm/page57857.html 384. Shukla R, Ramasamy V, Shanmugam RK, Ahuja R, Khanna N. Antibody-Dependent Enhancement: A Challenge for Developing a Safe Dengue Vaccine. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2020;10:597. doi:10.3389/fcimb.2020.572681 385. Scientists Discover How Dengue Vaccine Fails to Protect Against Disease. Newsroom. Published June 23, 2021. Accessed September 28, 2021. https://news.unchealthcare.org/2021/06/scientistsdiscover-how-dengue-vaccine-fails-to-protect-against-disease/ 386. Mahalingam S, Herring BL, Halstead SB. Call to Action for Dengue Vaccine Failure. Emerg Infect Dis. 2013;19(8):1335-1337. doi:10.3201/eid1908.121864 387. How the World’s First Dengue Vaccination Drive Ended in Disaster. Scientific American. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0419-38 388. Tseng C-T, Sbrana E, Iwata-Yoshikawa N, et al. Immunization with SARS Coronavirus Vaccines Leads to Pulmonary Immunopathology on Challenge with the SARS Virus. PLOS ONE. 2012;7(4):e35421. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0035421 389. Zhang L, Richards A, Khalil A, et al. SARS-CoV-2 RNA reverse-transcribed and integrated into the human genome. BioRxiv Prepr Serv Biol. Published online December 13, 2020:2020.12.12.422516. doi:10.1101/2020.12.12.422516 390. MIT & Harvard Study Suggests mRNA Vaccine Might Permanently Alter DNA After All. Rights and Freedoms. Published August 13, 2021. Accessed September 28, 2021. https://rightsfreedoms.wordpress.com/2021/08/13/mit-harvard-study-suggests-mrna-vaccine-mightpermanently-alter-dna-after-all/ 391. The Injection Fraud – It’s Not a Vaccine – Solari Report. Accessed September 28, 2021. https://home.solari.com/deep-state-tactics-101-the-covid-injection-fraud-its-not-a-vaccine/ 392. Dec 19 LS| NE| CN|, 2017. Feds lift gain-of-function research pause, offer guidance. CIDRAP. Accessed September 28, 2021. https://www.cidrap.umn.edu/news-perspective/2017/12/feds-lift-gainfunction-research-pause-offer-guidance 393. Begley,STAT S. U.S. Lifts Moratorium on Funding Controversial, High-Risk Virus Research. Scientific American. Accessed September 28, 2021. https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/u-s-liftsmoratorium-on-funding-controversial-high-risk-virus-research/ 394. NIH Lifts Funding Pause on Gain-of-Function Research. National Institutes of Health (NIH). Published December 18, 2017. Accessed September 28, 2021. https://www.nih.gov/about-nih/who-weare/nih-director/statements/nih-lifts-funding-pause-gain-function-research 395. Ralph S. Baric, PhD. UNC Gillings School of Global Public Health. Accessed September 28, 2021. https://sph.unc.edu/adv_profile/ralph-s-baric-phd/ 396. Ralph Baric: On the Front Lines of Coronavirus for Three Decades - UNC General Alumni Association. Accessed September 28, 2021. https://alumni.unc.edu/news/ralph-baric-on-the-front-linesof-coronavirus-for-three-decades/ 397. Menachery VD, Yount BL, Debbink K, et al. A SARS-like cluster of circulating bat coronaviruses shows potential for human emergence. Nat Med. 2015;21(12):1508-1513. doi:10.1038/nm.3985 398. Inside the risky bat-virus engineering that links America to Wuhan. MIT Technology Review. Accessed September 28, 2021. https://www.technologyreview.com/2021/06/29/1027290/gain-offunction-risky-bat-virus-engineering-links-america-to-wuhan/ 399. Suryanarayanan S. Items from coronavirus expert Ralph Baric‘s emails. U.S. Right to Know. Published December 14, 2020. Accessed September 28, 2021. https://usrtk.org/biohazards-blog/ralphbaric-emails/ 400. Newsweek Op-Ed: “Congress Must Pursue Answers About the Origin of COVID-19” | Senator Rand Paul. Accessed September 28, 2021. https://www.paul.senate.gov/newsweek-op-ed-congressmust-pursue-answers-about-origin-covid-19 401. Baker N. The Lab-Leak Hypothesis. Intelligencer. Published January 4, 2021. Accessed September 28, 2021. https://nymag.com/intelligencer/article/coronavirus-lab-escape-theory.html 402. Lerner S, Hvistendahl M, Hibbett M. NIH Documents Provide New Evidence U.S. Funded Gain-ofFunction Research in Wuhan. The Intercept. Published September 10, 2021. Accessed September 28, 2021. https://theintercept.com/2021/09/09/covid-origins-gain-of-function-research/ 403. BOMBSHELL: Fauci Kept Funding Peter Daszak’s Wuhan “Gain of Function” Experiments with $7.5 Million after Trump Canceled Grant. National File. Published June 3, 2021. Accessed September 28, 2021. https://nationalfile.com/bombshell-fauci-kept-funding-peter-daszaks-wuhan-gain-of-functionexperiments-with-7-5-million-after-trump-canceled-grant/ 404. miningawareness. USAID (PREDICT) & NIH Gave $ 1.9 Million to the Wuhan (WIV) Lab Through Daszak-EcoHealth Alliance; Daszak Talks China Partners’ Work on “Killer” Viruses; Biden Budget Requests More USAID Money for Similar Projects. Mining Awareness +. Published June 11, 2021. Accessed September 28, 2021. https://miningawareness.wordpress.com/2021/06/11/usaid-predict-nihgave-1-9-million-to-the-wuhan-wiv-lab-through-daszak-ecohealth-alliance-daszak-talks-china-partnerswork-on-killer-viruses-biden-admin-plans/ 405. Gallagher: This is Bigger than Dr. Fauci. Congressman Mike Gallagher. Published May 20, 2021. Accessed September 28, 2021. https://gallagher.house.gov/media/press-releases/gallagher-bigger-drfauci 406. Blog A. EcoHealth Alliance, DARPA Toyed With Infecting Wild Chinese Bats With Covid, Leaked Docs Allege. Algora Blog. Published September 22, 2021. Accessed September 28, 2021. https://www.algora.com/Algora_blog/2021/09/22/ecohealth-alliance-darpa-toyed-with-infecting-wildchinese-bats-with-covid-leaked-docs-allege 407. Archive VA, feed G author R. Pentagon gave millions to EcoHealth Alliance for weapons research program. New York Post. Published July 2, 2021. Accessed September 28, 2021. https://nypost.com/2021/07/01/pentagon-gave-millions-to-ecohealth-alliance-for-wuhan-lab/ 408. Judicial Watch: New Documents Show Wuhan Lab Asked NIH Official for Information on Disinfectants; Nine Fauci Agency Grants for EcoHealth Bat Coronavirus Research. Judicial Watch. Published July 8, 2021. Accessed September 28, 2021. https://www.judicialwatch.org/pressreleases/wuhan-lab-fauci-grants/ 409. JW v NIH Wuhan June 2021 00696. Judicial Watch. Accessed September 28, 2021. https://www.judicialwatch.org/documents/jw-v-nih-wuhan-june-2021-00696/ 410. Opinion | State Department cables warned of safety issues at Wuhan lab studying bat coronaviruses. Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/2020/04/14/statedepartment-cables-warned-safety-issues-wuhan-lab-studying-bat-coronaviruses/. Accessed September 28, 2021. 411. Panetta G. US officials were reportedly concerned that safety breaches at a Wuhan lab studying coronaviruses in bats could cause a pandemic. Business Insider. Accessed September 28, 2021. https://www.businessinsider.com/us-officials-raised-alarms-about-safety-issues-in-wuhan-lab-report2020-4 412. (PDF) The possible origins of 2019-nCoV coronavirus. Accessed September 28, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20200214144447/https:/www.researchgate.net/publication/339070128_ The_possible_origins_of_2019-nCoV_coronavirus 413. Crist C. 3 Wuhan Lab Workers’ 2019 Illness Raises Concerns. WebMD. Accessed September 28, 2021. https://www.webmd.com/lung/news/20210524/wuhan-lab-researchers-illness 414. Williams J. Fauci calls on China to release medical records of Wuhan researchers. TheHill. Published June 4, 2021. Accessed September 28, 2021. https://thehill.com/policy/healthcare/556815- fauci-calls-on-china-to-release-medical-records-of-wuhan-researchers 415. Confidential Documents reveal Moderna sent mRNA Coronavirus Vaccine Candidate to University Researchers weeks before emergence of Covid-19. Rights and Freedoms. Published June 26, 2021. Accessed September 28, 2021. https://rightsfreedoms.wordpress.com/2021/06/26/confidentialdocuments-reveal-moderna-sent-mrna-coronavirus-vaccine-candidate-to-university-researchers-weeksbefore-emergence-of-covid-19/ 416. Confidential Documents reveal Moderna sent mRNA Coronavirus Vaccine Candidate to University Researchers weeks before emergence of Covid-19 – The Expose. Accessed September 28, 2021. https://theexpose.uk/2021/06/18/confidential-documents-reveal-moderna-sent-mrnacoronavirus-vaccine-candidate-to-university-researchers-weeks-before-emergence-of-covid-19/ 417. Jan 11 LS| NE| CN|, 2020. China releases genetic data on new coronavirus, now deadly. CIDRAP. Accessed September 28, 2021. https://www.cidrap.umn.edu/news-perspective/2020/01/china-releasesgenetic-data-new-coronavirus-now-deadly 418. Whole genome of novel coronavirus, 2019-nCoV, sequenced. ScienceDaily. Accessed September 28, 2021. https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2020/01/200131114748.htm 419. Bendix SN Andrew Dunn, Aria. Moderna’s groundbreaking coronavirus vaccine was designed in just 2 days. Business Insider. Accessed September 28, 2021. https://www.businessinsider.com/moderna-designed-coronavirus-vaccine-in-2-days-2020-11 420. Moderna designed its coronavirus vaccine in 2 days — here’s how - National | Globalnews.ca. Global News. Accessed September 28, 2021. https://globalnews.ca/news/7492076/modernacoronavirus-vaccine-technology-how-it-works/ 421. Wallace-Wells D. We Had the Vaccine the Whole Time. Intelligencer. Published December 7, 2020. Accessed September 28, 2021. https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2020/12/moderna-covid-19- vaccine-design.html 422. The Board of Directors of bioMerieux, chaired by Alain Merieux, has appointed Stephane Bancel Directeur General delegue (Chief Executive Officer) of bioMerieux starting January 1, 2007. bioMérieux Corporate Website. Accessed September 28, 2021. https://www.biomerieux.com/en/board-directorsbiomerieux-chaired-alain-merieux-has-appointed-stephane-bancel-directeur-general 423. Stéphane Bancel | HIMSS. Published September 24, 2021. Accessed September 28, 2021. https://www.himss.org/global-conference/speaker-stephane-bancel 424. Alain Mérieux receives the prestigious Chinese Reform Friendship Award. Mérieux Foundation. Published September 17, 2013. Accessed September 28, 2021. https://www.fondationmerieux.org/en/news/alain-merieux-receives-the-prestigious-chinese-reform-friendship-award/ 425. Beijing JXTWLCI. The Wuhan lab at the core of a virus controversy. Accessed September 28, 2021. https://medicalxpress.com/news/2020-04-wuhan-lab-core-virus-controversy.html 426. China Inaugurates the first biocontainment level 4 laboratory in Wuhan----Wuhan Institute of Virology. Accessed September 28, 2021. http://english.whiov.cas.cn/ne/201712/t20171212_187624.html 427. RaTG13 is fake. Nerd Has Power. Accessed September 28, 2021. https://nerdhaspower.weebly.com/ratg13-is-fake.html 428. RaTG13 – the Undeniable Evidence That the Wuhan Coronavirus Is Man-Made. GNEWS. Published May 2, 2020. Accessed September 28, 2021. https://gnews.org/192144 429. Scientific history of RaTG13. Peak Prosperity. Accessed September 28, 2021. https://www.peakprosperity.com/forum-topic/scientific-history-of-ratg13/ 430. No one can find the animal that gave people covid-19. MIT Technology Review. Accessed September 28, 2021. https://www.technologyreview.com/2021/03/26/1021263/bat-covid-coronaviruscause-origin-wuhan/ 431. How WHO is working to track down the animal reservoir of the SARS-CoV-2 virus. Accessed September 28, 2021. https://www.who.int/news-room/feature-stories/detail/how-who-is-working-totrack-down-the-animal-reservoir-of-the-sars-cov-2-virus 432. Jewers C. More Lancet letter signatories found to have links to Wuhan. Mail Online. Published September 11, 2021. Accessed September 28, 2021. https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article9980015/26-Lancet-scientists-trashed-theory-Covid-leaked-Chinese-lab-links-Wuhan.html 433. Wang N, Li S-Y, Yang X-L, et al. Serological Evidence of Bat SARS-Related Coronavirus Infection in Humans, China. Virol Sin. 2018;33(1):104-107. doi:10.1007/s12250-018-0012-7 434. Daszak and scientists stand by Lancet letter condemning Wuhan lab “conspiracy theories.” MSN. Accessed September 28, 2021. https://www.msn.com/en-us/health/medical/daszak-and-scientistsstand-by-lancet-letter-condemning-wuhan-lab-conspiracy-theories/ar-AALT8w6 435. Albaugh G. Journal That Mocked COVID Lab-Leak As “Conspiracy” Recants. Citizens Journal. Published September 22, 2021. Accessed September 28, 2021. https://www.citizensjournal.us/journalthat-mocked-covid-lab-leak-as-conspiracy-recants/ 436. Calisher C, Carroll D, Colwell R, et al. Statement in support of the scientists, public health professionals, and medical professionals of China combatting COVID-19. The Lancet. 2020;395(10226):e42-e43. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30418-9 437. Lancet’s COVID origins panel disbands over ties to Peter Daszak’s EcoHealth Alliance. swiftheadline. Published September 26, 2021. Accessed September 28, 2021. https://swiftheadline.com/lancets-covid-origins-panel-disbands-over-ties-to-peter-daszaks-ecohealthalliance/ 438. WHO Covid Expert Peter Daszak’s Alleged China Connection and CCP Money Trail: What’s the Truth? Published February 11, 2021. Accessed September 28, 2021. https://www.ibtimes.sg/who-covidexpert-peter-daszaks-alleged-china-connection-ccp-money-trail-whats-truth-55511 439. Rutz D. Media fact-checkers, Facebook cited Wuhan lab-linked scientist to knock down lab leak theory. Fox News. Published June 3, 2021. Accessed September 28, 2021. https://www.foxnews.com/media/daszak-fact-checks-coronavirus-wuhan-lab 440. Daszak P, Chmura A. A Fall From Grace To… Virulence? Ecohealth. 2008;5(1):96-97. doi:10.1007/s10393-008-0163-3 441. Bogich TL, Chunara R, Scales D, et al. Preventing pandemics via international development: a systems approach. PLoS Med. 2012;9(12):e1001354. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1001354 442. Daszak P, Howard SE, Chmura AA. Rock, paper, scissors; chicken, human, swine. EcoHealth. 2009;6(1):159-160. doi:10.1007/s10393-009-0245-x 443. Ge X-Y, Li J-L, Yang X-L, et al. Isolation and characterization of a bat SARS-like coronavirus that uses the ACE2 receptor. Nature. 2013;503(7477):535-538. doi:10.1038/nature12711 444. Latinne A, Hu B, Olival KJ, et al. Origin and cross-species transmission of bat coronaviruses in China. BioRxiv Prepr Serv Biol. Published online May 31, 2020:2020.05.31.116061. doi:10.1101/2020.05.31.116061 445. Li H-Y, Zhu G-J, Zhang Y-Z, et al. A qualitative study of zoonotic risk factors among rural communities in southern China. Int Health. 2020;12(2):77-85. doi:10.1093/inthealth/ihaa001 446. Li H, Chen Y, Machalaba CC, et al. Wild animal and zoonotic disease risk management and regulation in China: Examining gaps and One Health opportunities in scope, mandates, and monitoring systems. One Health Amst Neth. 2021;13:100301. doi:10.1016/j.onehlt.2021.100301 447. Nava A, Shimabukuro JS, Chmura AA, Luz SLB. The Impact of Global Environmental Changes on Infectious Disease Emergence with a Focus on Risks for Brazil. ILAR J. 2017;58(3):393-400. doi:10.1093/ilar/ilx034 448. Wang N, Li S-Y, Yang X-L, et al. Serological Evidence of Bat SARS-Related Coronavirus Infection in Humans, China. Virol Sin. 2018;33(1):104-107. doi:10.1007/s12250-018-0012-7 449. Zeng L-P, Gao Y-T, Ge X-Y, et al. Bat Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Like Coronavirus WIV1 Encodes an Extra Accessory Protein, ORFX, Involved in Modulation of the Host Immune Response. J Virol. 2016;90(14):6573-6582. doi:10.1128/JVI.03079-15 450. David Martin. The Fauci COVID 19 Dossier.; 2021. Accessed September 28, 2021. http://archive.org/details/the-fauci-covid-19-dossier 451. 161385360554578. Coronavirus patients WELDED into homes in China as death toll spirals to 813. The US Sun. Published February 9, 2020. Accessed September 28, 2021. https://www.thesun.com/news/378365/coronavirus-patients-welded-into-homes-in-china-as-death-toll-spirals-to-813/ 452. Archive VA, Author E the, Twitter F on, et al. COVID-19 deaths in NY nursing homes were 50 percent higher than claimed: probe. New York Post. Published January 28, 2021. Accessed September 28, 2021. https://nypost.com/2021/01/28/ny-nursing-home-covid-deaths-50-higher-than-stated-agprobe/ 453. Ciavaglia DR and J. Investigations into Northeast nursing homes ongoing as true COVID death toll rises by 16K. The Intelligencer. Accessed September 28, 2021. https://www.theintell.com/story/news/coronavirus/2021/09/14/covid-nursing-homes-deathsinvestigation-pa-ny-nj/8280221002/ 454. editor@palltimes.com A and SR. New York health chief, Cuomo defender, resigning. Oswego County News Now. Accessed September 28, 2021. http://www.oswegocountynewsnow.com/news/newyork-health-chief-cuomo-defender-resigning/article_4e6877f6-1d7a-11ec-b7fc-23eab87d9a8a.html 455. Care homes accused of using powerful sedatives to kill corona victims quickly. The Sun. Published July 12, 2020. Accessed September 28, 2021. https://www.thesun.co.uk/news/12100515/care-homes-accused-sedatives-coronavirus-die-quickly/ 456. Wayne Smith, The Man Exposing The Midazolam Mass Murder Care Home Scandal Found Dead - Plandemic. Accessed September 28, 2021. https://plandemic.co/2021/08/19/wayne-smith-the-manexposing-the-midazolam-mass-murder-care-home-scandal-found-dead/ 457. Did the ‘First Wave’ Mean the Mass Murder of the Elderly With Midazolam? – The White Rose. Accessed September 28, 2021. https://thewhiterose.uk/was-this-the-first-wave-mass-murder-of-theelderly-with-midazolam/ 458. News: Face mask shortage prompts CDC to... (The Washington Post) - Behind the headlines - NLM. NCBI. Accessed September 28, 2021. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/search/research-news/8835 459. Evstatieva M. U.S. Companies Shifted To Make N95 Respirators During COVID. Now, They’re Struggling. NPR. https://www.npr.org/2021/06/25/1009858893/u-s-companies-shifted-to-make-n95- respirators-during-covid-now-theyre-struggling. Published June 25, 2021. Accessed September 28, 2021. 460. Pandemic Market Oddity: N95 Mask Shortage Despite Availability. Verisk. Accessed September 28, 2021. https://www.verisk.com/insurance/covid-19/iso-insights/pandemic-market-oddity-n95-maskshortage-despite-availability/ 461. In the early days of the pandemic, the U.S. government turned down an offer to manufacture millions of N95 masks in America. Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/investigations/in-the-early-days-of-the-pandemic-the-usgovernment-turned-down-an-offer-to-manufacture-millions-of-n95-masks-inamerica/2020/05/09/f76a821e-908a-11ea-a9c0-73b93422d691_story.html. Accessed September 28, 2021. 462. Cheong W. The US government turned down an offer to manufacture up to 1.7 million N95 masks weekly in January: report. Business Insider. Accessed September 28, 2021. https://www.businessinsider.com/us-government-rejected-an-offer-to-manufacture-up-to-17-millionn95-masks-weekly-2020-5 463. Dugdale CM, Walensky RP. Filtration Efficiency, Effectiveness, and Availability of N95 Face Masks for COVID-19 Prevention. JAMA Intern Med. 2020;180(12):1612-1613. doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2020.4218 464. What’s a PCR test cycle threshold and why it matters. Full Fact. Published 16:47:37.518768+00:00. Accessed September 28, 2021. https://fullfact.org/health/cycle-thresholdvalues/ 465. Rajyalakshmi B, Samavedam S, Reddy PR, Aluru N. Prognostic Value of “Cycle Threshold” in Confirmed COVID-19 Patients. Indian J Crit Care Med Peer-Rev Off Publ Indian Soc Crit Care Med. 2021;25(3):322-326. doi:10.5005/jp-journals-10071-23765 466. Covid Mandates: Unscientific, Irrational And Fraudulent, Dozens Of Reasons To Stop Them Now | Covid Call To Humanity. Accessed September 28, 2021. https://covidcalltohumanity.org/2021/09/27/nicanor-perlas-covid-mandates-unscientific-irrational-andfraudulent-dozens-of-reasons-to-stop-them-now/ 467. The COVID-19 PCR Test Is Key to the Pandemic Fraud | Principia Scientific Intl. Principia Scientific Intl. | A science-based community. Published September 8, 2020. Accessed September 28, 2021. https://principia-scientific.com/the-covid-19-pcr-test-is-key-to-the-pandemic-fraud/ 468. Mandavilli A. Your Coronavirus Test Is Positive. Maybe It Shouldn’t Be. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2020/08/29/health/coronavirus-testing.html. Published August 29, 2020. Accessed September 28, 2021. 469. The Fog of COVID-19 Data: How many cases aren’t even cases? John Locke Foundation. Accessed September 28, 2021. https://www.johnlocke.org/update/the-fog-of-covid-19-data-how-manycases-arent-even-cases/ 470. Caught Red-Handed: CDC Changes Test Thresholds To Virtually Eliminate New COVID Cases Among Vaxx’d. Rights and Freedoms. Published May 24, 2021. Accessed September 28, 2021. https://rightsfreedoms.wordpress.com/2021/05/24/caught-red-handed-cdc-changes-test-thresholds-tovirtually-eliminate-new-covid-cases-among-vaxxd/ 471. Trabert D. CDC: maximum 28 CT for post-vaccine COVID PCR tests. The Sentinel. Published May 3, 2021. Accessed September 28, 2021. https://sentinelksmo.org/cdc-maximum-28-ct-for-post-vaccinecovid-pcr-tests/ 472. FLCCC-Alliance-MATHplus-Protocol-ENGLISH.pdf. Accessed September 28, 2021. https://covid19criticalcare.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/FLCCC-Alliance-MATHplus-ProtocolENGLISH.pdf 473. Kashiouris MG, L’Heureux M, Cable CA, Fisher BJ, Leichtle SW, Fowler AA. The Emerging Role of Vitamin C as a Treatment for Sepsis. Nutrients. 2020;12(2):E292. doi:10.3390/nu12020292 474. Obi J, Pastores SM, Ramanathan LV, Yang J, Halpern NA. Treating sepsis with vitamin C, thiamine, and hydrocortisone: Exploring the quest for the magic elixir. J Crit Care. 2020;57:231-239. doi:10.1016/j.jcrc.2019.12.011 475. Harris R. “Tantalizing” Results For A Test Of Vitamin C For Sepsis. NPR. https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2019/10/01/766029397/mixed-results-for-a-test-ofvitamin-c-for-sepsis. Published October 1, 2019. Accessed September 28, 2021. 476. nutraingredients.com. “Ethically and morally unacceptable”: Reaction to vitamin C for sepsis trial. nutraingredients.com. Accessed September 28, 2021. https://www.nutraingredients.com/Article/2020/01/28/Ethically-and-morally-unacceptable-Reactionto-vitamin-C-for-sepsis-trial 477. Research C for DE and. FDA Updates and Press Announcements on NDMA in Zantac (ranitidine). FDA. Published online July 1, 2021. Accessed September 28, 2021. https://www.fda.gov/drugs/drugsafety-and-availability/fda-updates-and-press-announcements-ndma-zantac-ranitidine 478. FDA studies: No post-ingestion NDMA from ranitidine. Accessed September 28, 2021. https://www.raps.org/news-and-articles/news-articles/2021/6/fda-studies-no-post-ingestion-ndmafrom-ranitidine 479. Ahmadi A, Ebrahimzadeh MA, Ahmad-Ashrafi S, Karami M, Mahdavi MR, Saravi SSS. Hepatoprotective, antinociceptive and antioxidant activities of cimetidine, ranitidine and famotidine as histamine H2 receptor antagonists. Fundam Clin Pharmacol. 2011;25(1):72-79. doi:10.1111/j.1472- 8206.2009.00810.x 480. Nutrition C for FS and A. LES Labs - 593764 - 07/23/2020. Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition. Published July 29, 2020. Accessed September 28, 2021. https://www.fda.gov/inspectionscompliance-enforcement-and-criminal-investigations/warning-letters/les-labs-593764-07232020 481. US senator, NPA press FDA on NAC supplements. Natural Products INSIDER. Published August 18, 2021. Accessed September 28, 2021. https://www.naturalproductsinsider.com/regulatory/ussenator-npa-press-fda-nac-supplements 482. nutraingredients-usa.com. CRN: ‘This is not the final word on NAC.’ nutraingredients-usa.com. Accessed September 28, 2021. https://www.nutraingredients-usa.com/Article/2021/05/11/CRN-This-isnot-the-final-word-on-NAC 483. Amazon confirms plans on removing NAC supplements. Natural Products INSIDER. Published May 6, 2021. Accessed September 28, 2021. https://www.naturalproductsinsider.com/regulatory/amazon-confirms-plans-removing-nacsupplements 484. Harvard University Professor and Two Chinese Nationals Charged in Three Separate China Related Cases. Published January 28, 2020. Accessed September 28, 2021. https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/harvard-university-professor-and-two-chinese-nationals-chargedthree-separate-china-related 485. Research Sponsors - Lieber Research GroupThe Lieber group is focused broadly on science and technology at the nanoscale - Lieber Research Group. Accessed September 28, 2021. http://cml.harvard.edu/resources/research-sponsors 486. Shaw J. Virus-Sized Transistors. Harvard Magazine. Published December 16, 2010. Accessed September 28, 2021. https://www.harvardmagazine.com/2011/01/virus-sized-transistors 487. Why did a Chinese university hire Charles Lieber to do battery research? Accessed September 28, 2021. https://www.science.org/content/article/why-did-chinese-university-hire-charles-lieber-dobattery-research 488. Writer PRHS. Reading life’s building blocks. Harvard Gazette. Published January 5, 2012. Accessed September 28, 2021. https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2012/01/reading-lifes-buildingblocks/ 489. Correspondent CM-MH. Harvard researchers present nanowire devices update. Harvard Gazette. Published July 2, 2019. Accessed September 28, 2021. https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2019/07/harvard-researchers-present-nanowire-devicesupdate/ 490. Harvard University Professor Indicted on False Statement Charges. Published June 9, 2020. Accessed September 28, 2021. https://www.justice.gov/usao-ma/pr/harvard-university-professorindicted-false-statement-charges 491. Barry E, Kolata G. China’s Lavish Funds Lured U.S. Scientists. What Did It Get in Return? The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2020/02/06/us/chinas-lavish-funds-lured-us-scientists-what-didit-get-in-return.html. Published February 6, 2020. Accessed September 28, 2021. 492. Subbaraman N. Harvard chemistry chief’s arrest over China links shocks researchers. Nature. Published online February 3, 2020. doi:10.1038/d41586-020-00291-2 493. Portman R, Carper T. Threats to the U.S. Research Enterprise: China’s Talent Recruitment Plans. :109. 494. Krige J. Scholars or Spies? U.S.-China Tension in Academic Collaboration. China Research Center. Published October 12, 2020. Accessed September 28, 2021. https://www.chinacenter.net/2020/china_currents/19-3/scholars-or-spies-u-s-china-tension-inacademic-collaboration/ 495. FBI_Risks_To_Academia.pdf. Accessed September 28, 2021. https://www.research.psu.edu/sites/default/files/FBI_Risks_To_Academia.pdf 496. Zweig D, Kang S. AMERICA CHALLENGES CHINA’S NATIONAL TALENT PROGRAMS. :20. 497. Zhang A, Zhao Y, You SS, Lieber CM. Nanowire probes could drive high-resolution brain-machine interfaces. Nano Today. 2020;31:100821. doi:10.1016/j.nantod.2019.100821 498. Hong G, Lieber CM. Novel electrode technologies for neural recordings. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2019;20(6):330-345. doi:10.1038/s41583-019-0140-6 499. Human Cells Eat Nanowires. IEEE Spectrum. Published December 19, 2016. Accessed September 28, 2021. https://spectrum.ieee.org/human-cells-eat-nanowires 500. They’ve got the beat. Boston Herald. Published August 29, 2012. Accessed September 28, 2021. https://www.bostonherald.com/2012/08/29/theyve-got-the-beat-2/ 501. Tian B, Liu J, Dvir T, et al. Macroporous nanowire nanoelectronic scaffolds for synthetic tissues. Nat Mater. 2012;11(11):986-994. doi:10.1038/nmat3404 502. Board of Directors: Advancing mRNA Science - Moderna. Accessed September 28, 2021. https://www.modernatx.com/modernas-board-directors 503. Tognini G. MIT Scientist Bob Langer Becomes A Billionaire Thanks To Moderna Stock Rally. Forbes. Accessed September 28, 2021. https://www.forbes.com/sites/giacomotognini/2020/11/12/mitscientist-bob-langer-becomes-a-billionaire-thanks-to-moderna-stock-rally/ 504. Moderna’s Stock Rally Makes Bob Langer a Billionaire. Accessed September 28, 2021. https://www.ceotodaymagazine.com/2020/11/modernas-stock-rally-makes-bob-langer-a-billionaire/ 505. Langer Lab – MIT Department of Chemical Engineering. Accessed September 28, 2021. https://langerlab.mit.edu/ 506. Nano-Bioelectronics. Lieber Research Group. Accessed September 28, 2021. http://cml.harvard.edu/research/nano-bioelectronics 507. Durden T. Klaus Schwab: Great Reset Will “Lead To Fusion Of Our Physical, Digital, & Biological Identity.” Invesbrain. Published November 17, 2020. Accessed September 28, 2021. https://invesbrain.com/klaus-schwab-great-reset-will-lead-to-fusion-of-our-physical-digital-biologicalidentity/ 508. Shaping the Future of the Fourth Industrial Revolution by Klaus Schwab, Nicholas Davis: 9781984822611 | PenguinRandomHouse.com: Books. Accessed September 28, 2021. https://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/books/598250/shaping-the-future-of-the-fourth-industrialrevolution-by-klaus-schwab-founder-and-executive-chairman-world-economic-forum-with-nicholasdavis/ 509. Love A. CONFIRMED! Graphene Oxide Main Ingredient In Covid Shots. Ariyana Love. Published August 9, 2021. Accessed September 28, 2021. https://ambassadorlove.wordpress.com/2021/08/09/confirmed-graphene-oxide-main-ingredient-incovid-shots/ 510. Graphene Oxide The Vector For Covid-19 Democide | The Liberty Beacon. Published July 30, 2021. Accessed September 28, 2021. https://www.thelibertybeacon.com/graphene-oxide-the-vectorfor-covid-19-democide/ 511. ORWELL CITY: Official interim report of Pfizer’s vaccination vial analysis explained by La Quinta Columna. ORWELL CITY. Accessed September 28, 2021. https://www.orwell.city/2021/06/vaccinationvial-analysis-explained.html 512. Yi J, Choe G, Park J, Lee JY. Graphene oxide-incorporated hydrogels for biomedical applications. Polym J. 2020;52(8):823-837. doi:10.1038/s41428-020-0350-9 513. Kim YH, Jo MS, Kim JK, et al. Short-term inhalation study of graphene oxide nanoplates. Nanotoxicology. 2018;12(3):224-238. doi:10.1080/17435390.2018.1431318 514. News · CBC. Potentially toxic masks distributed in schools and daycares in Quebec | CBC News. CBC. Published March 26, 2021. Accessed September 28, 2021. https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/montreal/masks-early-pulmonary-toxicity-quebec-schools-daycares1.5966387 515. HAF. BOMBSHELL: Disposable Blue Face Masks Found to Contain Toxic, Asbestos-Like Substance that Destroys Lungs. https://humansarefree.com/. Accessed September 28, 2021. https://humansarefree.com/2021/04/bombshell-disposable-blue-face-masks-found-to-contain-toxicasbestos-like-substance-that-destroys-lungs.html/ 516. Reuters. Japan suspends 1.6M doses of Moderna shot after contamination reports. NBC News. Accessed September 28, 2021. https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/japan-suspends-1-6m-dosesmoderna-shot-after-contamination-reports-n1277669 517. Contaminant in Moderna COVID-19 vaccine vials found in Japan was metallic particles: report. FiercePharma. Accessed September 28, 2021. https://www.fiercepharma.com/pharma/contaminantmoderna-covid-19-vaccine-vials-found-japan-was-metallic-particles-report 518. Administrator A. Japan Suspects Contaminant In Moderna Vaccines Is Metallic, ‘Reacts To Magnets.’ The Burning Platform. Published August 27, 2021. Accessed September 28, 2021. https://www.theburningplatform.com/2021/08/27/japan-suspects-contaminant-in-moderna-vaccinesis-metallic-reacts-to-magnets/ 519. Franceschi Biagioni A, Cellot G, Pati E, et al. Graphene oxide prevents lateral amygdala dysfunctional synaptic plasticity and reverts long lasting anxiety behavior in rats. Biomaterials. 2021;271:120749. doi:10.1016/j.biomaterials.2021.120749 520. Soothing the symptoms of anxiety with graphene oxide. Graphene Flagship. Accessed September 28, 2021. https://graphene-flagship.eu/graphene/news/soothing-the-symptoms-of-anxietywith-graphene-oxide/ 521. SARS-CoV-2 Spike Proteins Disrupt the Blood-Brain Barrier, Potentially Raising Risk of Neurological Damage in COVID-19 Patients. Temple Health. Accessed September 28, 2021. https://www.templehealth.org/about/news/sars-cov-2-spike-proteins-disrupt-the-blood-brain-barrierpotentially-raising-risk-of-neurological-damage-in-covid-19-patients 522. NEUROMODULATORY EFFECTS OF SARS-COV-2 ON THE BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER. CROI Conference. Accessed September 28, 2021. https://www.croiconference.org/abstract/neuromodulatory-effects-of-sars-cov-2-on-the-blood-brainbarrier/ 523. Ohta S, Kikuchi E, Ishijima A, Azuma T, Sakuma I, Ito T. Investigating the optimum size of nanoparticles for their delivery into the brain assisted by focused ultrasound-induced blood–brain barrier opening. Sci Rep. 2020;10(1):18220. doi:10.1038/s41598-020-75253-9 524. Vu MN, Rajasekhar P, Poole DP, et al. Rapid Assessment of Nanoparticle Extravasation in a Microfluidic Tumor Model. ACS Appl Nano Mater. 2019;2(4):1844-1856. doi:10.1021/acsanm.8b02056 525. Saraiva C, Praça C, Ferreira R, Santos T, Ferreira L, Bernardino L. Nanoparticle-mediated brain drug delivery: Overcoming blood–brain barrier to treat neurodegenerative diseases. J Controlled Release. 2016;235:34-47. doi:10.1016/j.jconrel.2016.05.044 526. Pappas S. Rare magnetism found in the world’s strongest material. livescience.com. Published October 14, 2020. Accessed September 28, 2021. https://www.livescience.com/graphene-hides-raremagnetism.html 527. Augustyniak-Jabłokow MA, Tadyszak K, Strzelczyk R, Fedaruk R, Carmieli R. Slow spin relaxation of paramagnetic centers in graphene oxide. Carbon. 2019;152:98-105. doi:10.1016/j.carbon.2019.06.024 528. Sang M, Shin J, Kim K, Yu KJ. Electronic and Thermal Properties of Graphene and Recent Advances in Graphene Based Electronics Applications. Nanomaterials. 2019;9(3):374. doi:10.3390/nano9030374 529. INBRAIN Neuroelectronics Secures $17 Million in Series A Funding for First AI-Powered Graphene-Brain Interface. Published March 30, 2021. Accessed September 28, 2021. https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20210330005388/en/INBRAIN-Neuroelectronics-Secures17-Million-in-Series-A-Funding-for-First-AI-Powered-Graphene-Brain-Interface 530. DARPA and the Brain Initiative. Accessed September 28, 2021. https://www.darpa.mil/program/our-research/darpa-and-the-brain-initiative 531. Six Paths to the Nonsurgical Future of Brain-Machine Interfaces. Accessed September 28, 2021. https://www.darpa.mil/news-events/2019-05-20 532. Neuralink and the Brain’s Magical Future. Wait But Why. Published April 20, 2017. Accessed September 28, 2021. https://waitbutwhy.com/2017/04/neuralink.html 533. Martins NRB, Angelica A, Chakravarthy K, et al. Human Brain/Cloud Interface. Front Neurosci. 2019;13:112. doi:10.3389/fnins.2019.00112 534. Lee S, Shin Y, Woo S, Lee KK and H-N. Review of Wireless Brain-Computer Interface Systems. IntechOpen; 2013. doi:10.5772/56436 535. Researchers demonstrate first human use of high-bandwidth wireless brain-computer interface. Brown University. Accessed September 28, 2021. https://www.brown.edu/news/2021-03-31/braingatewireless 536. AI and VR Transform Thoughts to Action with Wireless BCI | Psychology Today. Accessed September 28, 2021. https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/the-future-brain/202107/ai-and-vrtransform-thoughts-action-wireless-bci 537. Haselager P. Did I Do That? Brain–Computer Interfacing and the Sense of Agency. Minds Mach. 2013;23(3):405-418. doi:10.1007/s11023-012-9298-7 538. Mind reading and brain computer interface technology: the future is coming, fast. Privacy SOS. Accessed September 28, 2021. https://privacysos.org/technologies_of_controlmind_reading/ 539. With Magnetic Nanoparticles, Scientists Remotely Control Neurons and Animal Behavior. Accessed September 28, 2021. http://www.buffalo.edu/news/releases/2010/07/11518.html 540. Brain-machine interfaces may be used to study and regulate mood - Science in the News. Accessed September 28, 2021. https://sitn.hms.harvard.edu/flash/2019/brain-machine-interfaces-mayused-study-regulate-mood/?web=1&wdLOR=c97F3B6A1-B18A-433D-96C4-477F88B46A83 541. Shanechi MM. Brain–machine interfaces from motor to mood. Nat Neurosci. 2019;22(10):1554- 1564. doi:10.1038/s41593-019-0488-y 542. Opinion / The Last Humans and the Next Brands - Critical Mass - Adforum.com. Accessed September 28, 2021. https://www.adforum.com/agency/6664937/press-releases/70226/opinion-thelast-humans-and-the-next-brands 543. Bonaci T, Herron J, Matlack C, Chizeck HJ. Securing the exocortex: A twenty-first century cybernetics challenge. In: 2014 IEEE Conference on Norbert Wiener in the 21st Century (21CW). ; 2014:1- 8. doi:10.1109/NORBERT.2014.6893912 544. Can dark triad leaders be a good choice for a leadership position? - Egon Zehnder. Can dark triad leaders be a good choice for a leadership position? - Egon Zehnder. Accessed September 28, 2021. https://www.egonzehnder.com/insight/can-dark-triad-leaders-be-a-good-choice-for-a-leadershipposition 545. Silver J. The Startling Accuracy of Referring to Politicians as “Psychopaths.” The Atlantic. Published July 31, 2012. Accessed September 28, 2021. https://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2012/07/the-startling-accuracy-of-referring-to-politiciansas-psychopaths/260517/ 546. Schlesinger T. The Rise of the Psychopath and Sociopath to Political Power. World Issues —  Politics, Economics, and More. Published December 1, 2020. Accessed September 28, 2021. https://medium.com/world-issues-politics-economics-and-more/the-rise-of-the-psychopath-andsociopath-to-political-power-b67ef9073477 547. Commentary: 12% of corporate leaders are psychopaths. It’s time to take this problem seriously. Fortune. Accessed September 28, 2021. https://fortune.com/2021/06/06/corporate-psychopathsbusiness-leadership-csr/ 548. 21 percent of CEOs are psychopaths. Only 21 percent? Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/on-small-business/wp/2016/09/16/gene-marks-21-percent-ofceos-are-psychopaths-only-21-percent/. Accessed September 28, 2021. 549. McCullough J. The Psychopathic CEO. Forbes. Accessed September 28, 2021. https://www.forbes.com/sites/jackmccullough/2019/12/09/the-psychopathic-ceo/ 550. The brain-computer interface: new rights or new threats to fundamental freedoms? Accessed September 28, 2021. https://pace.coe.int/en/files/28722 Copyright The Spartacus Letter © 2021 by Spartacus is licensed under CC BY-SA 4.0. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/



Deaths and Side Effects - HOME - scroll down to Deaths and Side Effects.

6 Phase Plan to bring in the New World Order -- 11-8-2021

The Spartacus Letter - The Pandemic Explained in a Nutshell -- 9-29-2021

How Long do the Vaccinated have to LIVE???  -- 9-19-2021

How and Where to get Ivermectin -- 9-17-2021

Remdesivir is Killing Covid Patients  -- 9-17-2021

Covid and the Vaccines are Bioweapons -- Proof - 8-23-2021

Links to Important Videos

PCR Test - this will explain the PCR test and demonstrate how it was manipulated to create this fearful, fake pandemic. 

Important Questions, Comments and V Ingredients

Dr. Geert Vanden Bossche - Letter to WHO - Do not take that V

Dr. Carrie Madej - most important interview to see

mRNA - Important Questions to Ask and Points to Know

List of the Top Doctors and Scientists who really know about the mRNA Vac

Where are the Double Blind Placebo Studies for V's?

Why wearing Masks is Dangerous

Chloroquine - study on SARS/Coronavirus

External Links / Resources

SPARS - The Next PLANDEMIC - 2025 - 2028

VAERS: Adverse Events After Covid Vaccine

Top Virologists says all Vaccinated will die within two years

The TRUTH revealed for first time in history on CHEMTRAILS

The Secret Religion that Runs the World

Masonic Signs and Symbolism

The Secret of ALL secrets - hidden truth about the United States

The Greatest Hidden Secret on the Planet

Lance Collins - aka John Todd - An Original Top 13 Illuminati Bloodline Family Member tells all

My Bitchute Video Channel

Please check out my other blogs not related to mRNA V's.

BEST SOURCES

ANSWERS TO MYSTERIOUS AND CHRONIC HEALTH CONDITIONS


This site was developed by Jeff Linke.  It is intended for entertainment and informational purposes only.  Not intended for medical advice.


Comments

Popular posts from this blog

Deaths and Side Effects

Free Mason Signs and Symbolism

COMMON LAW – David Lester Straight - Chosen by Trump